{"id":1811,"date":"2016-07-27T12:53:04","date_gmt":"2016-07-27T12:53:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/?p=1811"},"modified":"2016-07-27T12:53:04","modified_gmt":"2016-07-27T12:53:04","slug":"proc-jsme-se-ocitli-na-druhe-strane-faktu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/proc-jsme-se-ocitli-na-druhe-strane-faktu\/","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d jsme se ocitli na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b fakt\u016f?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nab\u00edz\u00edme zaj\u00edmav\u00fd ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b a hlubok\u00fd co do obsahu \u010dl\u00e1nek britsk\u00e9ho novin\u00e1\u0159e Petera Pomerantseva<\/strong>, kter\u00fd byl ned\u00e1vno uve\u0159ejn\u011bn v\u00a0\u010dasopise Granta<\/a> vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm v\u00a0angli\u010dtin\u011b. P\u0159eklad t\u00e9to publikace byl po\u0159\u00edzen speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e InformNapalmu<\/a> (do ru\u0161tiny p\u0159elo\u017eila Viktorija Ljuba\u0161enko<\/a>).<\/em><\/p>\n

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Zat\u00edmco jeho arm\u00e1da zcela otev\u0159en\u011b obsazuje Krym, Vladim\u00edr Putin v\u00a0televizi s\u00a0potuteln\u00fdm \u00fasm\u011bvem sd\u011bluje sv\u011btu, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00ed ru\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci na Ukrajin\u011b nejsou. Nen\u00ed to tak o\u00a0l\u017ei, jako o\u00a0konstataci, \u017ee na pravd\u011b nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed. A kdy\u017e Donald Trump najednou prohla\u0161uje, \u017ee vid\u011bl v\u00a0New Jersey tis\u00edce muslim\u016f, jak se raduj\u00ed z\u00a0\u00fatoku na World Trade Center, nebo \u017ee mexick\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b pos\u00edlaj\u00ed do USA ty \u201e\u0161patn\u00e9\u201c migranty, odborn\u00edci na ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f sice odhaduj\u00ed pod\u00edl l\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0jeho prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edch na 78\u00a0%, p\u0159esto se Trump stejn\u011b st\u00e1v\u00e1 kandid\u00e1tem na prezidenta USA\u00a0\u2013 p\u016fsob\u00ed to tak, jakoby fakta ji\u017e nem\u011bla rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Kdy\u017e kampa\u0148 p\u0159ed Brexitem prob\u00edh\u00e1 pod heslem \u201eD\u00e1me do zdravotnictv\u00ed 350\u00a0mil. liber t\u00fddn\u011b, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m bere EU\u201c a po vyhran\u00e9m referendu se jeden z\u00a0jeho apologet\u016f od tohoto prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed distancuje s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee je \u00fadajn\u011b \u201echybn\u00e9\u201c, a dal\u0161\u00ed ho vysv\u011btluje \u201esilnou touhou\u201c, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt jasn\u00e9, \u017ee \u017eijeme ve sv\u011bt\u011b postfakt\u016f a postpravdy. Tedy nejen ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde politici a m\u00e9dia l\u017eou (chovali se tak p\u0159ece v\u017edy), ale ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde je lidem jedno, zda \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed pravdu \u010di nikoliv.<\/p>\n

Jak jsme se k\u00a0tomu dopracovali? Co za t\u00edm stoj\u00ed? \u017de by technologie? Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 globalizace? Kulminace d\u011bjin filozofie? Z\u00a0t\u00e9to touhy shodit v\u00e1hu fakt\u016f, t\u011bchto t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch symbol\u016f vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a moci, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed na\u0161e m\u00edsto a na\u0161e omezen\u00ed, je c\u00edtit jak\u00fdsi pubert\u00e1ln\u00ed vzdor\u00a0\u2013 pro\u010d ale k\u00a0t\u00e9to vzpou\u0159e doch\u00e1z\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b te\u010f?<\/p>\n

Mnoz\u00ed maj\u00ed za to, \u017ee za v\u0161e m\u016f\u017eou technologie. Nam\u00edsto aby ohl\u00e1sily p\u0159\u00edchod nov\u00e9 \u00e9ry v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed pravdy, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed technologie, aby se l\u017ei \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily jako digit\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1r. Ne\u017e ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed fakt\u016f sta\u010d\u00ed odhalit jednu le\u017e, vzniknou tis\u00edcovky nov\u00fdch, tak\u017ee realita nem\u00e1 pod n\u00e1valem dezinforma\u010dn\u00edho proudu nejmen\u0161\u00ed \u0161anci obst\u00e1t. V\u00fdznam m\u00e1 pouze klikabilita l\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je zase podm\u00edn\u011bna t\u00edm, jak dok\u00e1\u017eou \u017eivit st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edsudky. Algoritmy, kter\u00e9 vyvinuly Google a Facebook, se zakl\u00e1daj\u00ed na historii p\u0159edchoz\u00edch vyhled\u00e1vac\u00edch dotaz\u016f a otev\u0159en\u00fdch odkaz\u016f, p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m dal\u0161\u00edm hled\u00e1n\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edm kliknut\u00ed na odkaz tak budeme nach\u00e1zet potvrzen\u00ed vlastn\u00edch p\u0159edpojat\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 se pro v\u011bt\u0161inu Ameri\u010dan\u016f staly dnes hlavn\u00edm zdrojem zpr\u00e1v, n\u00e1s uzav\u00edraj\u00ed do dozvukov\u00fdch komor s\u00a0lidmi stejn\u00e9ho sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed, kde nab\u00edzej\u00ed jen to, co se n\u00e1m l\u00edb\u00ed, a nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, zda je to pravda.<\/p>\n

Technologie mohou ovlivnit na\u0161e vztahy s\u00a0pravdou i na jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni. Dne\u0161n\u00ed m\u00e9dia s\u00a0jejich m\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edmi se z\u00e1b\u011bry a video streamy ukazuj\u00ed \u017eivot v\u00a0tak rozm\u011bln\u011bn\u00e9 podob\u011b, \u017ee realita za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt prchav\u00e1, co\u017e n\u00e1s posouv\u00e1 do virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch sv\u011bt\u016f nebo umo\u017e\u0148uje do nich nadobro uniknout. Fragmentace a dezorientace zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 globalizac\u00ed nut\u00ed lidi tesknit po spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed minulosti. Rusko-americk\u00e1 filolo\u017eka Svetlana Boym napsala: \u201eJednadvac\u00e1t\u00e9mu stolet\u00ed nen\u00ed vlastn\u00ed hled\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9ho, ale rostouc\u00ed nostalgie… nostalguj\u00edc\u00ed nacionalist\u00e9 a nostalguj\u00edc\u00ed kosmopolit\u00e9, nostalguj\u00edc\u00ed ochr\u00e1nci \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a nostalguj\u00edc\u00ed milovn\u00edci m\u011bst si vym\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed pixelov\u00e9 r\u00e1ny v\u00a0blogosf\u00e9\u0159e\u201c. Arm\u00e1dy putinovsk\u00fdch internetov\u00fdch troll\u016f prod\u00e1vaj\u00ed sny o\u00a0obnov\u011b Rusk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu. Trump vyz\u00fdv\u00e1: \u201eUd\u011blejme, aby Amerika byla znovu velk\u00e1\u201c, zast\u00e1nci Brexitu teskn\u00ed na facebookov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch po ztracen\u00e9 Anglii a virov\u00e1 videa od Isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu se sc\u00e9nami poprav oslavuj\u00ed mytick\u00fd Chal\u00edf\u00e1t. \u201eRestauruj\u00edc\u00ed nostalgie\u201c, jak p\u00ed\u0161e Boymov\u00e1, se sna\u017e\u00ed obnovit ztracenou vlast s\u00a0\u201eparanoidn\u00edm odhodl\u00e1n\u00edm\u201c, prohla\u0161uje se za \u201epravdu a tradici\u201c, je posedl\u00e1 velk\u00fdmi symboly a \u201eodm\u00edt\u00e1 kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed ve prosp\u011bch citov\u00fdch vazeb… V\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech dok\u00e1\u017ee vytvo\u0159it fantomovou vlast a naj\u00edt lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed pro ni budou ochotni um\u00edrat a zab\u00edjet. Nemysl\u00edc\u00ed nostalgie dok\u00e1\u017ee plodit monstra\u201c.<\/p>\n

\u00dalet do sv\u011bta technofantazi\u00ed je \u00fazce spjat s\u00a0hospod\u00e1\u0159skou a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nejistotou. Kdy\u017e fakta \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dnou hospod\u00e1\u0159skou budoucnost nem\u00e1me, pro\u010d naslouchat fakt\u016fm? Kdy\u017e \u017eijeme ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde bezv\u00fdznamn\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost v\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b zp\u016fsobuje bankroty v\u00a0Lyonu a kde to vypad\u00e1, \u017ee na\u0161e vl\u00e1da nedok\u00e1\u017ee kontrolovat situaci, ztr\u00e1c\u00edme d\u016fv\u011bru ke star\u00fdm v\u00e1\u017een\u00fdm instituc\u00edm: politik\u016fm, v\u011bdc\u016fm nebo m\u00e9di\u00edm. V\u00a0\u010deho\u017e d\u016fsledku sly\u0161\u00edme prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed od jednoho z\u00a0v\u016fdc\u016f Brexitu, \u017ee Britov\u00e9 \u201emaj\u00ed pln\u00e9 zuby expert\u016f\u201c, Trumpovy vztekl\u00e9 tir\u00e1dy na adresu \u201ep\u0159edn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f masov\u00e9 dezinformace\u201c a bujen\u00ed port\u00e1l\u016f s\u00a0\u201ealternativn\u00edmi zpr\u00e1vami\u201c na internetu. V\u00fdzkum proveden\u00fd Severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed univerzitou uk\u00e1zal paradoxn\u00ed v\u011bc: lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00edm m\u00e9di\u00edm, sn\u00e1ze vst\u0159eb\u00e1vaj\u00ed dezinformace. \u201eSpot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 alternativn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v, tzn. u\u017eivatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017e\u00ed vyh\u00fdbat p\u0159edn\u00edm m\u00e9di\u00edm a jejich \u201emanipulac\u00edm s\u00a0obecn\u00fdm pov\u011bdom\u00edm\u201c, kupodivu ochotn\u011bji reaguj\u00ed na vhozy fale\u0161n\u00fdch informac\u00ed\u201c [1]<\/a>. Zdrav\u00fd skepticismus vy\u00fas\u0165uje v\u00a0hled\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161\u00edlen\u00fdch konspira\u010dn\u00edch teori\u00ed. Putinovsk\u00e1 televize v\u0161ude nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u00faklady USA proti Rusku, Trump spekuluje, \u017ee teroristick\u00e9 \u00fatoky z\u00a011.\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jsou d\u00edlem americk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, \u00fa\u010dastnici kampan\u011b Brexit odhaluj\u00ed n\u011bmecko-francouzsko-evropsk\u00e9 spiknut\u00ed proti Brit\u00e1nii.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 objektivn\u00ed novina\u0159ina neexistuje\u201c, prohla\u0161uj\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed putinov\u0161t\u00ed propagandist\u00e9 Dmitrij Kiseljov a Margarita Simo\u0148jan, kdykoli jsou po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, aby vysv\u011btlili redak\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1sady umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00e1vat konspira\u010dn\u00ed teorie na rove\u0148 s\u00a0v\u00fdzkumy zalo\u017een\u00fdmi na d\u016fkazech. RT, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed televizn\u00ed kan\u00e1l Kremlu, podle jeho veden\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed \u201ealternativn\u00ed\u201c stanovisko, v\u00a0re\u00e1lu to v\u0161ak vypad\u00e1 tak, \u017ee n\u00e1zor redaktora extr\u00e9mistick\u00e9ho \u010dasopisu pravicov\u00e9ho ra\u017een\u00ed je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za stejn\u011b d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00fd jako n\u00e1zor univerzitn\u00edho profesora, a l\u017ei jsou tak z\u00a0obrazovky \u0161\u00ed\u0159eny soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s\u00a0fakty. Podobn\u00e9 hr\u00e1tky praktikuje i Donald Trump, kdy s\u00a0odkazem \u201eMnoho lid\u00ed \u0159\u00edk\u00e1…\u201c uv\u00e1d\u00ed fantastick\u00e9 f\u00e1my s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee jde o\u00a0racion\u00e1ln\u00ed alternativn\u00ed n\u00e1zory, a p\u0159evypravuje smy\u0161lenky, \u017ee Obama je \u00fadajn\u011b muslim, nebo \u017ee jeho rival Ted Cruz tajn\u011b ukr\u00fdv\u00e1 kanadsk\u00fd pas <\/a>[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Toto zrovnoprav\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed pravdy a klamu je inspirov\u00e1no a \u017eiveno v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm duchem pozdn\u00edho postmodernismu a relativismu, kter\u00fd za posledn\u00edch t\u0159icet let pros\u00e1kl z\u00a0v\u011bdeck\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry do m\u00e9di\u00ed a kdov\u00edkam je\u0161t\u011b. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup pozvedl na sv\u016fj \u0161t\u00edt Nietzscheho v\u00fdrok, \u017ee neexistuj\u00ed fakta, ale pouze jejich interpretace, ka\u017ed\u00e1 verze ud\u00e1lost\u00ed je tak pouh\u00fdm vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edm o\u00a0nich, s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee le\u017e lze prohl\u00e1sit za \u201ealternativn\u00ed stanovisko\u201c nebo \u201ezvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed n\u00e1zor\u201c, proto\u017ee \u201ev\u0161e je relativn\u00ed\u201c a \u201eka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 svou pravdu\u201c (na internetu je tomu p\u0159esn\u011b tak).<\/p>\n

Maurizio Ferraris, jeden ze zakladatel\u016f hnut\u00ed nov\u00e9ho realismu a jeden z\u00a0nep\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kritik\u016f postmodernismu, tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee \u017eijeme v\u00a0dob\u011b kulminace v\u00edce ne\u017e dvousetlet\u00fdch d\u011bjin my\u0161len\u00ed. Impulz, kter\u00fd dal podn\u011bt k\u00a0rozvoji filozofie v\u00a0dob\u011b Osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed, spo\u010d\u00edval v\u00a0umo\u017en\u011bn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy sv\u011bta, odebr\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1va ur\u010dovat realitu bo\u017esk\u00e9 moci a jeho p\u0159enech\u00e1n\u00ed jednotlivci. Descart\u016fv v\u00fdrok \u201eMysl\u00edm, tedy jsem\u201c p\u0159esunul centrum poznatk\u016f do lidsk\u00e9ho rozumu. Ale kdy\u017e v\u0161e, co v\u00edme, je n\u00e1\u0161 rozum, pak, jak to formuloval Schopenhauer, \u201esv\u011bt je moje p\u0159edstava\u201c. Koncem dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed postmodernist\u00e9 \u0161li je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1le, kdy\u017e prohl\u00e1sili, \u017ee \u201enen\u00ed nic mimo text\u201c a v\u0161echny na\u0161e p\u0159edstavy o\u00a0sv\u011bt\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na s\u00edl\u00e1ch a prost\u0159edc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 na n\u00e1s p\u016fsob\u00ed. Co\u017e vede k\u00a0sylogismu, kter\u00fd Ferraris stru\u010dn\u011b vyjad\u0159uje takto: \u201eVe\u0161ker\u00e1 realita je generov\u00e1na poznatkem, poznatek je generov\u00e1n moc\u00ed, celou realitu tedy generuje moc. Z\u00a0reality se tak st\u00e1v\u00e1 konstrukt moci, co\u017e ji \u010din\u00ed z\u00e1rove\u0148 nen\u00e1vid\u011bnou (kdy\u017e \u201emoc\u00ed\u201c rozum\u00edme \u201emoc, j\u00ed\u017e jsme pod\u0159\u00edzeni\u201c) a tv\u00e1rnou (kdy\u017e \u201emoc\u00ed\u201c rozum\u00edme \u201eje to v\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed moci\u201c)\u201c.<\/p>\n

Postmodernismus se p\u016fvodn\u011b prezentoval jako cesta k\u00a0osvobozen\u00ed lid\u00ed z\u00a0popis\u016f ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a proces\u016f, jejich\u017e autorem je n\u011bkdo jin\u00fd; jako cesta k\u00a0osvobozen\u00ed z\u00a0vsugerovan\u00e9ho pohledu na sv\u011bt. P\u0159esto, jak podot\u00fdk\u00e1 Ferraris, \u201epopulismus m\u00e9di\u00ed se stal uk\u00e1zkou lou\u010den\u00ed s\u00a0realitou, co\u017e nem\u00e1 se svobodou co d\u011blat\u201c. Kdy\u017e je realita nekone\u010dn\u011b tv\u00e1rn\u00e1, pak Berlusconi, kter\u00fd Putina v\u00fdrazn\u011b ovlivnil, m\u00e1 pravdu, kdy\u017e \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eCopak nech\u00e1pete, \u017ee nic, ani my\u0161lenky, ani politika, ani produkt neexistuje, dokud to neuk\u00e1\u017eou v\u00a0televizi?\u201c [3]<\/a> Kdy\u017e je realita tv\u00e1rn\u00e1, m\u016f\u017ee Bushova administrativa klidn\u011b za\u010d\u00edt v\u00e1lku na z\u00e1klad\u011b nev\u011brohodn\u00fdch informac\u00ed. \u201eKdy\u017e jedn\u00e1me, vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme svou vlastn\u00ed realitu\u201c, \u0159ekl Bush\u016fv hlavn\u00ed poradce Karl Rove novin\u00e1\u0159i z\u00a0New York Times (a Ferraris tato jeho slova zd\u016fraz\u0148uje): \u201eA dokud tuto realitu opatrn\u011b zkoum\u00e1te, my ud\u011bl\u00e1me dal\u0161\u00ed krok a vytvo\u0159\u00edme dal\u0161\u00ed nov\u00e9 reality\u201c.<\/p>\n

Co je je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed: p\u0159esto\u017ee postmodernismus tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ve\u0161ker\u00e9 znalosti jsou projevem restriktivn\u00ed moci, z\u00e1rove\u0148 likviduje z\u00e1klad, o\u00a0kter\u00fd by se mohl op\u0159\u00edt, kdy\u017e vystupuje pr\u00e1v\u011b proti t\u00e9to moci. Podle postmodernist\u016f \u201eproto\u017ee racionalita a inteligence jsou formy panov\u00e1n\u00ed… mus\u00edme hledat osvobozen\u00ed skrze city a t\u011blo, kter\u00e9 jsou ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b revolu\u010dn\u00ed\u201c. Pop\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed argument\u016f zalo\u017een\u00fdch na faktech ve prosp\u011bch emoc\u00ed se st\u00e1v\u00e1 dobrou v\u011bc\u00ed samo o\u00a0sob\u011b. Politick\u00fd dozvuk tohoto principu m\u016f\u017eeme naj\u00edt v\u00a0my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch Arrona Bankse, kter\u00fd financoval kampa\u0148 pro vystoupen\u00ed z\u00a0EU. \u201eKampa\u0148 proti vystoupen\u00ed operuje s\u00a0fakty, fakty a zase fakty. Tudy to nep\u016fjde. Mus\u00edme nav\u00e1zat s\u00a0lidmi emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed vztah. V\u00a0tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 tajemstv\u00ed Trumpova \u00fasp\u011bchu\u201c. Ferraris spat\u0159uje j\u00e1dro probl\u00e9mu v\u00a0reakci filozof\u016f na vzestup v\u011bdy v\u00a018.\u00a0stolet\u00ed: proto\u017ee se v\u011bda zhostila \u00fakolu interpretovat realitu, filozofie ve snaze udr\u017eet sv\u00e9 pozice a vliv se za\u010dala realit\u011b st\u00e1le v\u00edce vzdalovat.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se sna\u017e\u00edm porozum\u011bt sv\u011btu, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e \u017eiji (v\u00a0m\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jde o\u00a0sv\u011bt, jeho\u017e z\u00e1klad tvo\u0159\u00ed Rusko, EU, Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie a USA), nemus\u00edm se ohl\u00ed\u017eet p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 daleko dozadu, abych zahl\u00e9dl ty \u010dasy, kdy na faktech z\u00e1le\u017eelo. Vzpom\u00edn\u00e1m si, \u017ee fakta m\u011bla velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam v\u00a0dob\u00e1ch studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Pr\u00e1v\u011b na tato fakta spol\u00e9hal jak Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz, tak demokratick\u00e9 kapitalistick\u00e9 zem\u011b Z\u00e1padu ve snaze dok\u00e1zat, \u017ee maj\u00ed pravdu. Komunist\u00e9 sice fakta p\u0159ekrucovali, p\u0159esto nakonec utrp\u011bli por\u00e1\u017eku, proto\u017ee nemohli dok\u00e1zat p\u0159ednosti sv\u00e9 ideologie. A kdy\u017e je nachytali na l\u017ei, tv\u00e1\u0159ili se pobou\u0159en\u011b: p\u016fsobit objektivn\u011b bylo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d m\u011bla fakta pro ob\u011b strany takov\u00fd v\u00fdznam? Oba projekty se sna\u017eily, alespo\u0148 ofici\u00e1ln\u011b, prok\u00e1zat my\u0161lenku racion\u00e1ln\u00edho pokroku. Ideologie, d\u011bjiny a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f byly t\u011bsn\u011b spjaty. Nav\u00edc, jak poznamenal medi\u00e1ln\u00ed podnikatel a aktivista Tony Curzon Price, v\u00a0dob\u011b v\u00e1lky jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady a ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 moc, proto\u017ee zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed na\u0161i bezpe\u010dnost. Vy si v\u00e1\u017e\u00edte politik\u016f kv\u016fli p\u0159esnosti a oni n\u00e1s z\u00e1sobuj\u00ed fakty.<\/p>\n

Pak nastala 90.\u00a0l\u00e9ta. U\u017e nebylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed se o\u00a0n\u011bco sna\u017eit a n\u011bco dokazovat. Fakta tak byla odd\u011blena od politiky. Bylo to sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed: nastala doba h\u00e9donismu, ext\u00e1ze a lehkomyslnosti, kdy jsme mohli ignorovat stav sv\u00fdch bankovn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dt\u016f a zadlu\u017eit se a\u017e po u\u0161i. Bez fakt\u016f a my\u0161lenek se nov\u00fdmi h\u00fdbateli politiky stali PR specialist\u00e9 a politi\u010dt\u00ed technologov\u00e9. Rusk\u00e9 tradice tvorby loutkov\u00fdch politick\u00fdch hnut\u00ed poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0dob carismu a KGB se propojily se z\u00e1padn\u00edmi agita\u010dn\u00edmi postupy, co\u017e vedlo ke vzniku Pot\u011bmkinovy demokracie, kdy Kreml manipuloval s\u00a0informa\u010dn\u00edmi obr\u00e1zky a se v\u0161emi stranami, od extr\u00e9mn\u00ed pravice a\u017e k\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00ed levici. Za\u010dalo to v\u00a0roce 1996, kdy se fale\u0161n\u00e9 strany a fale\u0161n\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy pou\u017e\u00edvaly pro udr\u017een\u00ed Jelcina v\u00a0prezidentsk\u00e9m k\u0159esle, a p\u0159erostlo do modelu virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed politiky, kter\u00fd je imitov\u00e1n v\u00a0cel\u00e9 Eurasii. (Trump\u016fv politick\u00fd poradce Paul Manafort pracoval v\u00a0kremelsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00a0roce 2005, kdy pom\u00e1hal vytv\u00e1\u0159et politickou image Putinova napodobitele, ukrajinsk\u00e9ho prezidenta Janukovy\u010de.) Ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii se to projevilo vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed kari\u00e9rou Alastaira Campbella, tiskov\u00e9ho mluv\u010d\u00edho vl\u00e1dy, kter\u00fd byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za tak vlivnou osobu, \u017ee v\u00a0politick\u00e9 sati\u0159e zosob\u0148oval st\u00e1tn\u00ed moc. V\u00a0USA to za\u010dalo za prvn\u00ed v\u00e1lky v\u00a0Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu, kterou Baudrillard zcharakterizoval jako pouh\u00fd v\u00fdmysl m\u00e9di\u00ed, a skrze skand\u00e1l spojen\u00fd s\u00a0Billem Clintonem se to dot\u00e1hlo k\u00a0druh\u00e9 v\u00e1lce v\u00a0Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu a legend\u00e1rn\u00edmu Roveovu v\u00fdroku: \u201eMy vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme realitu\u201c.<\/p>\n

I p\u0159es ve\u0161ker\u00fd cynismus se ov\u0161em PR specialist\u00e9 a politi\u010dt\u00ed technologov\u00e9 v\u00a0t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi je\u0161t\u011b sna\u017eili dr\u017eet jist\u00e9 iluze pravdy. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo se, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy mus\u00ed p\u016fsobit v\u011brohodn\u011b a souvisle, i kdyby fakta pokulh\u00e1vala. Kdy\u017e realita vy\u0161la na sv\u011btlo Bo\u017e\u00ed (obecenstvo p\u0159i\u0161lo na kloub iluz\u00edm v\u00a0Moskv\u011b a histork\u00e1m o\u00a0Ir\u00e1ku a fondov\u00fd trh se zhroutil), reakc\u00ed se stala touha zdvojn\u00e1sobit s\u00e1zku a za\u010d\u00edt pop\u00edrat fakta s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee by jejich ignorace byla absolutn\u00ed. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup d\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci mnoho v\u00fdhod a usnad\u0148uje \u017eivot voli\u010d\u016fm. Putin nepot\u0159ebuje p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9 historky. Mus\u00ed jen d\u00e1t na v\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee l\u017eou v\u0161ichni, podkopat mravn\u00ed p\u0159evahy sv\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00e1tel a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit lidi, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 alternativa pro n\u011bj neexistuje. Bulharsk\u00fd politolog Ivan Krastev \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eKdy\u017e Putin l\u017ee do o\u010d\u00ed, chce, aby Z\u00e1pad uk\u00e1zal na jeho l\u017ei, pak by mohl reagovat: \u201eAle vy p\u0159ece tak\u00e9 l\u017eete!\u201c A kdy\u017e l\u017eou v\u0161ichni a ka\u017ed\u00fd, pak je le\u017e v\u00a0po\u0159\u00e1dku\u00a0\u2013 jak v\u00a0osobn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, tak s\u00a0dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00edm jin\u00fdch zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Je to dost pochmurn\u00e9 pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed: vypustit ven celou svou \u0161\u00edlenost bez jak\u00e9hokoli ostychu. Hlavn\u00ed podstata fenom\u00e9nu Trump spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0tom, \u017ee se st\u00e1v\u00e1 pravidlem chrlen\u00ed sra\u010dek, radost z\u00a0\u010dist\u00e9 emoce, \u010dasto ze vzteku, kter\u00fd je zbaven jak\u00e9hokoli smyslu. A obecenstvo, kter\u00e9 se snad ji\u017e deset let dok\u00e1\u017ee obej\u00edt bez fakt\u016f, se m\u016f\u017ee oddat pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed tot\u00e1ln\u00edho a ni\u010d\u00edm neru\u0161en\u00e9ho osvobozen\u00ed od zdrav\u00e9ho rozumu.<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0Data Mining Reveals How Conspiracy Theories Emerge on Facebook<\/a>,<\/em> MIT Technology Review (Mar.\u00a018, 2014)<\/p>\n

<\/a>[2]<\/a>\u00a0www.washingtonpost.com<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>[3]<\/a>\u00a0alexanderstille.net<\/a><\/p>\n

Foto \u00a9 Kyle McDonald<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

Origin\u00e1l publikov\u00e1n dne 26.\u00a0\u010dervence 2016<\/p>\n

P\u0159eklad z\u00a0ru\u0161tiny: Svatoslav \u0160\u010dyhol<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nab\u00edz\u00edme zaj\u00edmav\u00fd ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b a hlubok\u00fd co do obsahu \u010dl\u00e1nek britsk\u00e9ho novin\u00e1\u0159e Petera Pomerantseva, kter\u00fd byl…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":78,"featured_media":1812,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[516,754,519],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1811","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-news","category-spolecnost-all-news","category-world"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPro\u010d jsme se ocitli na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b fakt\u016f? - InformNapalm.org (\u010ce\u0161tina)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/proc-jsme-se-ocitli-na-druhe-strane-faktu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pro\u010d jsme se ocitli na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b fakt\u016f? 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P\u0159eklad t\u00e9to publikace byl po\u0159\u00edzen speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e <a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\" target=\"_blank\">InformNapalmu<\/a> (do ru\u0161tiny p\u0159elo\u017eila <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/victoria.lubashenko\" target=\"_blank\">Viktorija Ljuba\u0161enko<\/a>).<\/em>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<!--more-->\r\n\r\nZat\u00edmco jeho arm\u00e1da zcela otev\u0159en\u011b obsazuje Krym, Vladim\u00edr Putin v\u00a0televizi s\u00a0potuteln\u00fdm \u00fasm\u011bvem sd\u011bluje sv\u011btu, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00ed ru\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci na Ukrajin\u011b nejsou. Nen\u00ed to tak o\u00a0l\u017ei, jako o\u00a0konstataci, \u017ee na pravd\u011b nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed. A kdy\u017e Donald Trump najednou prohla\u0161uje, \u017ee vid\u011bl v\u00a0New Jersey tis\u00edce muslim\u016f, jak se raduj\u00ed z\u00a0\u00fatoku na World Trade Center, nebo \u017ee mexick\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b pos\u00edlaj\u00ed do USA ty \u201e\u0161patn\u00e9\u201c migranty, odborn\u00edci na ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f sice odhaduj\u00ed pod\u00edl l\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0jeho prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edch na 78\u00a0%, p\u0159esto se Trump stejn\u011b st\u00e1v\u00e1 kandid\u00e1tem na prezidenta USA\u00a0\u2013 p\u016fsob\u00ed to tak, jakoby fakta ji\u017e nem\u011bla rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Kdy\u017e kampa\u0148 p\u0159ed Brexitem prob\u00edh\u00e1 pod heslem \u201eD\u00e1me do zdravotnictv\u00ed 350\u00a0mil. liber t\u00fddn\u011b, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m bere EU\u201c a po vyhran\u00e9m referendu se jeden z\u00a0jeho apologet\u016f od tohoto prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed distancuje s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee je \u00fadajn\u011b \u201echybn\u00e9\u201c, a dal\u0161\u00ed ho vysv\u011btluje \u201esilnou touhou\u201c, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt jasn\u00e9, \u017ee \u017eijeme ve sv\u011bt\u011b postfakt\u016f a postpravdy. Tedy nejen ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde politici a m\u00e9dia l\u017eou (chovali se tak p\u0159ece v\u017edy), ale ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde je lidem jedno, zda \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed pravdu \u010di nikoliv.\r\n\r\nJak jsme se k\u00a0tomu dopracovali? Co za t\u00edm stoj\u00ed? \u017de by technologie? Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 globalizace? Kulminace d\u011bjin filozofie? Z\u00a0t\u00e9to touhy shodit v\u00e1hu fakt\u016f, t\u011bchto t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch symbol\u016f vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a moci, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed na\u0161e m\u00edsto a na\u0161e omezen\u00ed, je c\u00edtit jak\u00fdsi pubert\u00e1ln\u00ed vzdor\u00a0\u2013 pro\u010d ale k\u00a0t\u00e9to vzpou\u0159e doch\u00e1z\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b te\u010f?\r\n\r\nMnoz\u00ed maj\u00ed za to, \u017ee za v\u0161e m\u016f\u017eou technologie. Nam\u00edsto aby ohl\u00e1sily p\u0159\u00edchod nov\u00e9 \u00e9ry v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed pravdy, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed technologie, aby se l\u017ei \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily jako digit\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1r. Ne\u017e ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed fakt\u016f sta\u010d\u00ed odhalit jednu le\u017e, vzniknou tis\u00edcovky nov\u00fdch, tak\u017ee realita nem\u00e1 pod n\u00e1valem dezinforma\u010dn\u00edho proudu nejmen\u0161\u00ed \u0161anci obst\u00e1t. V\u00fdznam m\u00e1 pouze klikabilita l\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je zase podm\u00edn\u011bna t\u00edm, jak dok\u00e1\u017eou \u017eivit st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edsudky. Algoritmy, kter\u00e9 vyvinuly Google a Facebook, se zakl\u00e1daj\u00ed na historii p\u0159edchoz\u00edch vyhled\u00e1vac\u00edch dotaz\u016f a otev\u0159en\u00fdch odkaz\u016f, p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m dal\u0161\u00edm hled\u00e1n\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edm kliknut\u00ed na odkaz tak budeme nach\u00e1zet potvrzen\u00ed vlastn\u00edch p\u0159edpojat\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 se pro v\u011bt\u0161inu Ameri\u010dan\u016f staly dnes hlavn\u00edm zdrojem zpr\u00e1v, n\u00e1s uzav\u00edraj\u00ed do dozvukov\u00fdch komor s\u00a0lidmi stejn\u00e9ho sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed, kde nab\u00edzej\u00ed jen to, co se n\u00e1m l\u00edb\u00ed, a nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, zda je to pravda.\r\n\r\nTechnologie mohou ovlivnit na\u0161e vztahy s\u00a0pravdou i na jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni. Dne\u0161n\u00ed m\u00e9dia s\u00a0jejich m\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edmi se z\u00e1b\u011bry a video streamy ukazuj\u00ed \u017eivot v\u00a0tak rozm\u011bln\u011bn\u00e9 podob\u011b, \u017ee realita za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt prchav\u00e1, co\u017e n\u00e1s posouv\u00e1 do virtu\u00e1ln\u00edch sv\u011bt\u016f nebo umo\u017e\u0148uje do nich nadobro uniknout. Fragmentace a dezorientace zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 globalizac\u00ed nut\u00ed lidi tesknit po spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed minulosti. Rusko-americk\u00e1 filolo\u017eka Svetlana Boym napsala: \u201eJednadvac\u00e1t\u00e9mu stolet\u00ed nen\u00ed vlastn\u00ed hled\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9ho, ale rostouc\u00ed nostalgie... nostalguj\u00edc\u00ed nacionalist\u00e9 a nostalguj\u00edc\u00ed kosmopolit\u00e9, nostalguj\u00edc\u00ed ochr\u00e1nci \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a nostalguj\u00edc\u00ed milovn\u00edci m\u011bst si vym\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed pixelov\u00e9 r\u00e1ny v\u00a0blogosf\u00e9\u0159e\u201c. Arm\u00e1dy putinovsk\u00fdch internetov\u00fdch troll\u016f prod\u00e1vaj\u00ed sny o\u00a0obnov\u011b Rusk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu. Trump vyz\u00fdv\u00e1: \u201eUd\u011blejme, aby Amerika byla znovu velk\u00e1\u201c, zast\u00e1nci Brexitu teskn\u00ed na facebookov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch po ztracen\u00e9 Anglii a virov\u00e1 videa od Isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu se sc\u00e9nami poprav oslavuj\u00ed mytick\u00fd Chal\u00edf\u00e1t. \u201eRestauruj\u00edc\u00ed nostalgie\u201c, jak p\u00ed\u0161e Boymov\u00e1, se sna\u017e\u00ed obnovit ztracenou vlast s\u00a0\u201eparanoidn\u00edm odhodl\u00e1n\u00edm\u201c, prohla\u0161uje se za \u201epravdu a tradici\u201c, je posedl\u00e1 velk\u00fdmi symboly a \u201eodm\u00edt\u00e1 kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed ve prosp\u011bch citov\u00fdch vazeb... V\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech dok\u00e1\u017ee vytvo\u0159it fantomovou vlast a naj\u00edt lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed pro ni budou ochotni um\u00edrat a zab\u00edjet. Nemysl\u00edc\u00ed nostalgie dok\u00e1\u017ee plodit monstra\u201c.\r\n\r\n\u00dalet do sv\u011bta technofantazi\u00ed je \u00fazce spjat s\u00a0hospod\u00e1\u0159skou a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nejistotou. Kdy\u017e fakta \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dnou hospod\u00e1\u0159skou budoucnost nem\u00e1me, pro\u010d naslouchat fakt\u016fm? Kdy\u017e \u017eijeme ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde bezv\u00fdznamn\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost v\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b zp\u016fsobuje bankroty v\u00a0Lyonu a kde to vypad\u00e1, \u017ee na\u0161e vl\u00e1da nedok\u00e1\u017ee kontrolovat situaci, ztr\u00e1c\u00edme d\u016fv\u011bru ke star\u00fdm v\u00e1\u017een\u00fdm instituc\u00edm: politik\u016fm, v\u011bdc\u016fm nebo m\u00e9di\u00edm. V\u00a0\u010deho\u017e d\u016fsledku sly\u0161\u00edme prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed od jednoho z\u00a0v\u016fdc\u016f Brexitu, \u017ee Britov\u00e9 \u201emaj\u00ed pln\u00e9 zuby expert\u016f\u201c, Trumpovy vztekl\u00e9 tir\u00e1dy na adresu \u201ep\u0159edn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f masov\u00e9 dezinformace\u201c a bujen\u00ed port\u00e1l\u016f s\u00a0\u201ealternativn\u00edmi zpr\u00e1vami\u201c na internetu. V\u00fdzkum proveden\u00fd Severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed univerzitou uk\u00e1zal paradoxn\u00ed v\u011bc: lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00edm m\u00e9di\u00edm, sn\u00e1ze vst\u0159eb\u00e1vaj\u00ed dezinformace. \u201eSpot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 alternativn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v, tzn. u\u017eivatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017e\u00ed vyh\u00fdbat p\u0159edn\u00edm m\u00e9di\u00edm a jejich \u201emanipulac\u00edm s\u00a0obecn\u00fdm pov\u011bdom\u00edm\u201c, kupodivu ochotn\u011bji reaguj\u00ed na vhozy fale\u0161n\u00fdch informac\u00ed\u201c <a href=\"http:\/\/granta.com\/why-were-post-fact\/#_ftn1\" target=\"_blank\">[1]<\/a>. Zdrav\u00fd skepticismus vy\u00fas\u0165uje v\u00a0hled\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161\u00edlen\u00fdch konspira\u010dn\u00edch teori\u00ed. Putinovsk\u00e1 televize v\u0161ude nach\u00e1z\u00ed \u00faklady USA proti Rusku, Trump spekuluje, \u017ee teroristick\u00e9 \u00fatoky z\u00a011.\u00a0z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jsou d\u00edlem americk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, \u00fa\u010dastnici kampan\u011b Brexit odhaluj\u00ed n\u011bmecko-francouzsko-evropsk\u00e9 spiknut\u00ed proti Brit\u00e1nii.\r\n\r\n\u201e\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 objektivn\u00ed novina\u0159ina neexistuje\u201c, prohla\u0161uj\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed putinov\u0161t\u00ed propagandist\u00e9 Dmitrij Kiseljov a Margarita Simo\u0148jan, kdykoli jsou po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, aby vysv\u011btlili redak\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1sady umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00e1vat konspira\u010dn\u00ed teorie na rove\u0148 s\u00a0v\u00fdzkumy zalo\u017een\u00fdmi na d\u016fkazech. RT, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed televizn\u00ed kan\u00e1l Kremlu, podle jeho veden\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed \u201ealternativn\u00ed\u201c stanovisko, v\u00a0re\u00e1lu to v\u0161ak vypad\u00e1 tak, \u017ee n\u00e1zor redaktora extr\u00e9mistick\u00e9ho \u010dasopisu pravicov\u00e9ho ra\u017een\u00ed je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za stejn\u011b d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00fd jako n\u00e1zor univerzitn\u00edho profesora, a l\u017ei jsou tak z\u00a0obrazovky \u0161\u00ed\u0159eny soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s\u00a0fakty. Podobn\u00e9 hr\u00e1tky praktikuje i Donald Trump, kdy s\u00a0odkazem \u201eMnoho lid\u00ed \u0159\u00edk\u00e1...\u201c uv\u00e1d\u00ed fantastick\u00e9 f\u00e1my s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee jde o\u00a0racion\u00e1ln\u00ed alternativn\u00ed n\u00e1zory, a p\u0159evypravuje smy\u0161lenky, \u017ee Obama je \u00fadajn\u011b muslim, nebo \u017ee jeho rival Ted Cruz tajn\u011b ukr\u00fdv\u00e1 kanadsk\u00fd pas <a name=\"_ftnref2\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/granta.com\/why-were-post-fact\/#_ftn2\" target=\"_blank\">[2]<\/a>.\r\n\r\nToto zrovnoprav\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed pravdy a klamu je inspirov\u00e1no a \u017eiveno v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm duchem pozdn\u00edho postmodernismu a relativismu, kter\u00fd za posledn\u00edch t\u0159icet let pros\u00e1kl z\u00a0v\u011bdeck\u00e9 sf\u00e9ry do m\u00e9di\u00ed a kdov\u00edkam je\u0161t\u011b. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup pozvedl na sv\u016fj \u0161t\u00edt Nietzscheho v\u00fdrok, \u017ee neexistuj\u00ed fakta, ale pouze jejich interpretace, ka\u017ed\u00e1 verze ud\u00e1lost\u00ed je tak pouh\u00fdm vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edm o\u00a0nich, s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee le\u017e lze prohl\u00e1sit za \u201ealternativn\u00ed stanovisko\u201c nebo \u201ezvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed n\u00e1zor\u201c, proto\u017ee \u201ev\u0161e je relativn\u00ed\u201c a \u201eka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 svou pravdu\u201c (na internetu je tomu p\u0159esn\u011b tak).\r\n\r\nMaurizio Ferraris, jeden ze zakladatel\u016f hnut\u00ed nov\u00e9ho realismu a jeden z\u00a0nep\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kritik\u016f postmodernismu, tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee \u017eijeme v\u00a0dob\u011b kulminace v\u00edce ne\u017e dvousetlet\u00fdch d\u011bjin my\u0161len\u00ed. Impulz, kter\u00fd dal podn\u011bt k\u00a0rozvoji filozofie v\u00a0dob\u011b Osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed, spo\u010d\u00edval v\u00a0umo\u017en\u011bn\u00ed anal\u00fdzy sv\u011bta, odebr\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1va ur\u010dovat realitu bo\u017esk\u00e9 moci a jeho p\u0159enech\u00e1n\u00ed jednotlivci. Descart\u016fv v\u00fdrok \u201eMysl\u00edm, tedy jsem\u201c p\u0159esunul centrum poznatk\u016f do lidsk\u00e9ho rozumu. Ale kdy\u017e v\u0161e, co v\u00edme, je n\u00e1\u0161 rozum, pak, jak to formuloval Schopenhauer, \u201esv\u011bt je moje p\u0159edstava\u201c. Koncem dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed postmodernist\u00e9 \u0161li je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1le, kdy\u017e prohl\u00e1sili, \u017ee \u201enen\u00ed nic mimo text\u201c a v\u0161echny na\u0161e p\u0159edstavy o\u00a0sv\u011bt\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na s\u00edl\u00e1ch a prost\u0159edc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 na n\u00e1s p\u016fsob\u00ed. Co\u017e vede k\u00a0sylogismu, kter\u00fd Ferraris stru\u010dn\u011b vyjad\u0159uje takto: \u201eVe\u0161ker\u00e1 realita je generov\u00e1na poznatkem, poznatek je generov\u00e1n moc\u00ed, celou realitu tedy generuje moc. Z\u00a0reality se tak st\u00e1v\u00e1 konstrukt moci, co\u017e ji \u010din\u00ed z\u00e1rove\u0148 nen\u00e1vid\u011bnou (kdy\u017e \u201emoc\u00ed\u201c rozum\u00edme \u201emoc, j\u00ed\u017e jsme pod\u0159\u00edzeni\u201c) a tv\u00e1rnou (kdy\u017e \u201emoc\u00ed\u201c rozum\u00edme \u201eje to v\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed moci\u201c)\u201c.\r\n\r\nPostmodernismus se p\u016fvodn\u011b prezentoval jako cesta k\u00a0osvobozen\u00ed lid\u00ed z\u00a0popis\u016f ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a proces\u016f, jejich\u017e autorem je n\u011bkdo jin\u00fd; jako cesta k\u00a0osvobozen\u00ed z\u00a0vsugerovan\u00e9ho pohledu na sv\u011bt. P\u0159esto, jak podot\u00fdk\u00e1 Ferraris, \u201epopulismus m\u00e9di\u00ed se stal uk\u00e1zkou lou\u010den\u00ed s\u00a0realitou, co\u017e nem\u00e1 se svobodou co d\u011blat\u201c. Kdy\u017e je realita nekone\u010dn\u011b tv\u00e1rn\u00e1, pak Berlusconi, kter\u00fd Putina v\u00fdrazn\u011b ovlivnil, m\u00e1 pravdu, kdy\u017e \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eCopak nech\u00e1pete, \u017ee nic, ani my\u0161lenky, ani politika, ani produkt neexistuje, dokud to neuk\u00e1\u017eou v\u00a0televizi?\u201c <a href=\"http:\/\/granta.com\/why-were-post-fact\/#_ftn3\" target=\"_blank\">[3]<\/a> Kdy\u017e je realita tv\u00e1rn\u00e1, m\u016f\u017ee Bushova administrativa klidn\u011b za\u010d\u00edt v\u00e1lku na z\u00e1klad\u011b nev\u011brohodn\u00fdch informac\u00ed. \u201eKdy\u017e jedn\u00e1me, vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme svou vlastn\u00ed realitu\u201c, \u0159ekl Bush\u016fv hlavn\u00ed poradce Karl Rove novin\u00e1\u0159i z\u00a0New York Times (a Ferraris tato jeho slova zd\u016fraz\u0148uje): \u201eA dokud tuto realitu opatrn\u011b zkoum\u00e1te, my ud\u011bl\u00e1me dal\u0161\u00ed krok a vytvo\u0159\u00edme dal\u0161\u00ed nov\u00e9 reality\u201c.\r\n\r\nCo je je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed: p\u0159esto\u017ee postmodernismus tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ve\u0161ker\u00e9 znalosti jsou projevem restriktivn\u00ed moci, z\u00e1rove\u0148 likviduje z\u00e1klad, o\u00a0kter\u00fd by se mohl op\u0159\u00edt, kdy\u017e vystupuje pr\u00e1v\u011b proti t\u00e9to moci. Podle postmodernist\u016f \u201eproto\u017ee racionalita a inteligence jsou formy panov\u00e1n\u00ed... mus\u00edme hledat osvobozen\u00ed skrze city a t\u011blo, kter\u00e9 jsou ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b revolu\u010dn\u00ed\u201c. Pop\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed argument\u016f zalo\u017een\u00fdch na faktech ve prosp\u011bch emoc\u00ed se st\u00e1v\u00e1 dobrou v\u011bc\u00ed samo o\u00a0sob\u011b. Politick\u00fd dozvuk tohoto principu m\u016f\u017eeme naj\u00edt v\u00a0my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch Arrona Bankse, kter\u00fd financoval kampa\u0148 pro vystoupen\u00ed z\u00a0EU. \u201eKampa\u0148 proti vystoupen\u00ed operuje s\u00a0fakty, fakty a zase fakty. Tudy to nep\u016fjde. Mus\u00edme nav\u00e1zat s\u00a0lidmi emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed vztah. V\u00a0tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 tajemstv\u00ed Trumpova \u00fasp\u011bchu\u201c. Ferraris spat\u0159uje j\u00e1dro probl\u00e9mu v\u00a0reakci filozof\u016f na vzestup v\u011bdy v\u00a018.\u00a0stolet\u00ed: proto\u017ee se v\u011bda zhostila \u00fakolu interpretovat realitu, filozofie ve snaze udr\u017eet sv\u00e9 pozice a vliv se za\u010dala realit\u011b st\u00e1le v\u00edce vzdalovat.\r\n\r\nKdy\u017e se sna\u017e\u00edm porozum\u011bt sv\u011btu, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e \u017eiji (v\u00a0m\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jde o\u00a0sv\u011bt, jeho\u017e z\u00e1klad tvo\u0159\u00ed Rusko, EU, Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie a USA), nemus\u00edm se ohl\u00ed\u017eet p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 daleko dozadu, abych zahl\u00e9dl ty \u010dasy, kdy na faktech z\u00e1le\u017eelo. Vzpom\u00edn\u00e1m si, \u017ee fakta m\u011bla velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam v\u00a0dob\u00e1ch studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Pr\u00e1v\u011b na tato fakta spol\u00e9hal jak Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz, tak demokratick\u00e9 kapitalistick\u00e9 zem\u011b Z\u00e1padu ve snaze dok\u00e1zat, \u017ee maj\u00ed pravdu. Komunist\u00e9 sice fakta p\u0159ekrucovali, p\u0159esto nakonec utrp\u011bli por\u00e1\u017eku, proto\u017ee nemohli dok\u00e1zat p\u0159ednosti sv\u00e9 ideologie. A kdy\u017e je nachytali na l\u017ei, tv\u00e1\u0159ili se pobou\u0159en\u011b: p\u016fsobit objektivn\u011b bylo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9.\r\n\r\nPro\u010d m\u011bla fakta pro ob\u011b strany takov\u00fd v\u00fdznam? Oba projekty se sna\u017eily, alespo\u0148 ofici\u00e1ln\u011b, prok\u00e1zat my\u0161lenku racion\u00e1ln\u00edho pokroku. Ideologie, d\u011bjiny a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f byly t\u011bsn\u011b spjaty. Nav\u00edc, jak poznamenal medi\u00e1ln\u00ed podnikatel a aktivista Tony Curzon Price, v\u00a0dob\u011b v\u00e1lky jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady a ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 moc, proto\u017ee zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed na\u0161i bezpe\u010dnost. Vy si v\u00e1\u017e\u00edte politik\u016f kv\u016fli p\u0159esnosti a oni n\u00e1s z\u00e1sobuj\u00ed fakty.\r\n\r\nPak nastala 90.\u00a0l\u00e9ta. U\u017e nebylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed se o\u00a0n\u011bco sna\u017eit a n\u011bco dokazovat. Fakta tak byla odd\u011blena od politiky. Bylo to sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed: nastala doba h\u00e9donismu, ext\u00e1ze a lehkomyslnosti, kdy jsme mohli ignorovat stav sv\u00fdch bankovn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dt\u016f a zadlu\u017eit se a\u017e po u\u0161i. Bez fakt\u016f a my\u0161lenek se nov\u00fdmi h\u00fdbateli politiky stali PR specialist\u00e9 a politi\u010dt\u00ed technologov\u00e9. Rusk\u00e9 tradice tvorby loutkov\u00fdch politick\u00fdch hnut\u00ed poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0dob carismu a KGB se propojily se z\u00e1padn\u00edmi agita\u010dn\u00edmi postupy, co\u017e vedlo ke vzniku Pot\u011bmkinovy demokracie, kdy Kreml manipuloval s\u00a0informa\u010dn\u00edmi obr\u00e1zky a se v\u0161emi stranami, od extr\u00e9mn\u00ed pravice a\u017e k\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00ed levici. Za\u010dalo to v\u00a0roce 1996, kdy se fale\u0161n\u00e9 strany a fale\u0161n\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy pou\u017e\u00edvaly pro udr\u017een\u00ed Jelcina v\u00a0prezidentsk\u00e9m k\u0159esle, a p\u0159erostlo do modelu virtu\u00e1ln\u00ed politiky, kter\u00fd je imitov\u00e1n v\u00a0cel\u00e9 Eurasii. (Trump\u016fv politick\u00fd poradce Paul Manafort pracoval v\u00a0kremelsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00a0roce 2005, kdy pom\u00e1hal vytv\u00e1\u0159et politickou image Putinova napodobitele, ukrajinsk\u00e9ho prezidenta Janukovy\u010de.) Ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii se to projevilo vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed kari\u00e9rou Alastaira Campbella, tiskov\u00e9ho mluv\u010d\u00edho vl\u00e1dy, kter\u00fd byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za tak vlivnou osobu, \u017ee v\u00a0politick\u00e9 sati\u0159e zosob\u0148oval st\u00e1tn\u00ed moc. V\u00a0USA to za\u010dalo za prvn\u00ed v\u00e1lky v\u00a0Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu, kterou Baudrillard zcharakterizoval jako pouh\u00fd v\u00fdmysl m\u00e9di\u00ed, a skrze skand\u00e1l spojen\u00fd s\u00a0Billem Clintonem se to dot\u00e1hlo k\u00a0druh\u00e9 v\u00e1lce v\u00a0Persk\u00e9m z\u00e1livu a legend\u00e1rn\u00edmu Roveovu v\u00fdroku: \u201eMy vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme realitu\u201c.\r\n\r\nI p\u0159es ve\u0161ker\u00fd cynismus se ov\u0161em PR specialist\u00e9 a politi\u010dt\u00ed technologov\u00e9 v\u00a0t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi je\u0161t\u011b sna\u017eili dr\u017eet jist\u00e9 iluze pravdy. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo se, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy mus\u00ed p\u016fsobit v\u011brohodn\u011b a souvisle, i kdyby fakta pokulh\u00e1vala. Kdy\u017e realita vy\u0161la na sv\u011btlo Bo\u017e\u00ed (obecenstvo p\u0159i\u0161lo na kloub iluz\u00edm v\u00a0Moskv\u011b a histork\u00e1m o\u00a0Ir\u00e1ku a fondov\u00fd trh se zhroutil), reakc\u00ed se stala touha zdvojn\u00e1sobit s\u00e1zku a za\u010d\u00edt pop\u00edrat fakta s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee by jejich ignorace byla absolutn\u00ed. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup d\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci mnoho v\u00fdhod a usnad\u0148uje \u017eivot voli\u010d\u016fm. Putin nepot\u0159ebuje p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9 historky. Mus\u00ed jen d\u00e1t na v\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee l\u017eou v\u0161ichni, podkopat mravn\u00ed p\u0159evahy sv\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00e1tel a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit lidi, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 alternativa pro n\u011bj neexistuje. Bulharsk\u00fd politolog Ivan Krastev \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eKdy\u017e Putin l\u017ee do o\u010d\u00ed, chce, aby Z\u00e1pad uk\u00e1zal na jeho l\u017ei, pak by mohl reagovat: \u201eAle vy p\u0159ece tak\u00e9 l\u017eete!\u201c A kdy\u017e l\u017eou v\u0161ichni a ka\u017ed\u00fd, pak je le\u017e v\u00a0po\u0159\u00e1dku\u00a0\u2013 jak v\u00a0osobn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, tak s\u00a0dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00edm jin\u00fdch zem\u00ed.\r\n\r\nJe to dost pochmurn\u00e9 pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed: vypustit ven celou svou \u0161\u00edlenost bez jak\u00e9hokoli ostychu. Hlavn\u00ed podstata fenom\u00e9nu Trump spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0tom, \u017ee se st\u00e1v\u00e1 pravidlem chrlen\u00ed sra\u010dek, radost z\u00a0\u010dist\u00e9 emoce, \u010dasto ze vzteku, kter\u00fd je zbaven jak\u00e9hokoli smyslu. A obecenstvo, kter\u00e9 se snad ji\u017e deset let dok\u00e1\u017ee obej\u00edt bez fakt\u016f, se m\u016f\u017ee oddat pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed tot\u00e1ln\u00edho a ni\u010d\u00edm neru\u0161en\u00e9ho osvobozen\u00ed od zdrav\u00e9ho rozumu.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/granta.com\/why-were-post-fact\/#_ftnref1\" target=\"_blank\">[1]<\/a>\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.technolo-%20gyreview.com\/view\/525616\/data-mining-reveals-how-conspiracy-theories-emerge-on-facebook\" target=\"_blank\">Data Mining Reveals How Conspiracy Theories Emerge on Facebook<\/a>,<\/em> MIT Technology Review (Mar.\u00a018, 2014)\r\n\r\n<a name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/granta.com\/why-were-post-fact\/#_ftnref2\" target=\"_blank\">[2]<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/a-lot-of-people-are-saying-how-trump-spreads-conspiracies-and-innuendo\/2016\/06\/13\/b21e59de-317e-11e6-8ff7-7b6c1998b7a0_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">www.washingtonpost.com<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/granta.com\/why-were-post-fact\/#_ftnref3\" target=\"_blank\">[3]<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/alexanderstille.net\/the-corrupt-reign-of-emperor-silvio\/\" target=\"_blank\">alexanderstille.net<\/a>\r\n\r\n<em>Foto \u00a9 Kyle McDonald<\/em>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\nOrigin\u00e1l publikov\u00e1n dne 26.\u00a0\u010dervence 2016\r\n\r\nP\u0159eklad z\u00a0ru\u0161tiny: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/scyhol\" target=\"_blank\">Svatoslav \u0160\u010dyhol<\/a>","amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1811","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/78"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1811"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1811\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1814,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1811\/revisions\/1814"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1812"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1811"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1811"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1811"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}