{"id":1868,"date":"2016-08-09T19:32:08","date_gmt":"2016-08-09T19:32:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/?p=1868"},"modified":"2016-08-09T19:32:08","modified_gmt":"2016-08-09T19:32:08","slug":"jak-mezinarodni-media-napomahaji-ruske-agresi-na-ukrajine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/jak-mezinarodni-media-napomahaji-ruske-agresi-na-ukrajine\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u00e9dia napom\u00e1haj\u00ed rusk\u00e9 agresi na Ukrajin\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Zda existuj\u00ed term\u00edny pro popis ud\u00e1lost\u00ed na v\u00fdchod\u011b Ukrajiny a pro\u010d rusk\u00e1 agrese dnes, po v\u00edce ne\u017e dvou letech trv\u00e1n\u00ed konfliktu, pro mnoho lid\u00ed st\u00e1le nen\u00ed evidentn\u00ed? Nab\u00edz\u00edme \u00favahy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/peter.dickinson.5895\" target=\"_blank\">Petera Dickinsona<\/a>, vydavatele \u010dasopisu Business Ukraine a Lviv Today, kolumnisty v\u00a0The Odessa Review, v\u00a0minulosti \u0161\u00e9fredaktora Ukraine Today a What\u2018s On Kyiv.<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Kdyby n\u011bkdo vypr\u00e1v\u011bl o\u00a0\u201es\u00edl\u00e1ch podporovan\u00fdch N\u011bmeckem\u201c v\u00a0nacisty okupovan\u00e9 Francii nebo o\u00a0\u201eprosov\u011btsk\u00fdch s\u00edl\u00e1ch\u201c v\u00a0dob\u011b Pra\u017esk\u00e9ho jara, autora podobn\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru by nikdo nebral v\u00e1\u017en\u011b z\u00a0d\u016fvodu jeho beznad\u011bjn\u00e9 nev\u011bdomosti nebo hlubok\u00e9 neup\u0159\u00edmnosti. P\u0159esto\u017ee v\u00a0obou t\u011bchto zem\u00edch bylo dost jak m\u00edstn\u00edch kolaborant\u016f, tak vhodn\u00fdch eufemism\u016f pro jejich ozna\u010den\u00ed, nebyly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pochybnosti o\u00a0tom, kdo skute\u010dn\u011b ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 situaci. Vypad\u00e1 to v\u0161ak, \u017ee si tento zdrav\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup nena\u0161el m\u00edsto na Ukrajin\u011b, kde mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u00e9dia sehr\u00e1la kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v\u00a0chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm jednozna\u010dn\u00e9m ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed situace, co\u017e umo\u017enilo Rusku dos\u00e1hnout \u00fasp\u011bchu ve sv\u00e9 hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lce.<\/p>\n<p>Pro\u010d jsou m\u00e9dia tak opatrn\u00e1, kdy\u017e mluv\u00ed o\u00a0roli Moskvy v\u00a0tomto konfliktu? Nen\u00ed to t\u00edm, \u017ee by chyb\u011bly d\u016fkazy. Hned od prvn\u00edch dn\u016f boj\u016f na v\u00fdchod\u011b Ukrajiny bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno v\u00edc ne\u017e dost skute\u010dnost\u00ed dokl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch ruskou \u00fa\u010dast. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ichni prvn\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00e1ci separatistick\u00fdch republik byli rusk\u00fdmi ob\u010dany. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i vid\u011bli na vlastn\u00ed o\u010di, jak konvoje se spoustou rusk\u00fdch zbran\u00ed p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed hranice, a nat\u00e1\u010deli rozhovory s\u00a0rusk\u00fdmi d\u016fstojn\u00edky v\u00a0oblasti konfliktu. Dokonce i prokremel\u0161t\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i na Ukrajin\u011b nejednou nedopat\u0159en\u00edm uk\u00e1zali techniku a zbran\u011b, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 pouze rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u010ct\u011bte tak\u00e9: <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/RussianPresence\" target=\"_blank\">Datab\u00e1ze incident\u016f se zachycen\u00fdmi rusk\u00fdmi voj\u00e1ky a jednotkami ve v\u00e1lce na Donbasu<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Na z\u00e1klad\u011b dostupn\u00fdch informac\u00ed na internetu soukrom\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ovatel\u00e9 nasb\u00edrali <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/17\/russia-shelled-ukrainians-from-within-its-own-territory-says-study\" target=\"_blank\">p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9 d\u016fkazy<\/a> d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho ost\u0159elov\u00e1n\u00ed ukrajinsk\u00fdch pozic z\u00a0rusk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2zssIFN2mso\" target=\"_blank\">selfies rusk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f<\/a> sd\u00edlen\u00e9 na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch dokl\u00e1daly jejich p\u0159\u00edtomnost na Ukrajin\u011b. Jsou zn\u00e1my i p\u0159\u00edpady zajet\u00ed cel\u00fdch skupin rusk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f v\u00a0hlubok\u00e9m ukrajinsk\u00e9m vnitrozem\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 n\u011bkter\u00fdch z\u00a0nich se Kreml jednodu\u0161e z\u0159ekl, o\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch tvrdil, \u017ee \u201ezabloudili\u201c.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-28357880\" target=\"_blank\">Incident s\u00a0MH17<\/a> si zaslou\u017e\u00ed samostatnou diskuzi: slo\u017eit\u00e9 protileteck\u00e9 syst\u00e9my se nep\u0159esouvaj\u00ed p\u0159es mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed hranice do konfliktn\u00edch oblast\u00ed samy o\u00a0sob\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Nav\u00edc existuje cel\u00e9 samostatn\u00e9 t\u00e9ma rusk\u00fdch \u201edobrovoln\u00edk\u016f\u201c a \u201edovolenk\u00e1\u0159\u016f\u201c, co\u017e je jak\u00e1si mi\u0161ma\u0161 z\u00a0rusk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, kde vedle sebe bojuj\u00ed arm\u00e1dn\u00ed veter\u00e1ni, \u017eold\u00e1ci, extr\u00e9mn\u011b pravicov\u00ed fanatici a krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed spodina. Nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00e1ci ozbrojenc\u016f nejednou potvrdili, \u017ee jejich celkov\u00fd sou\u010det dosahuje zhruba pades\u00e1ti tis\u00edc\u00a0\u2013 je to obrovsk\u00fd po\u010det, vybav\u00edme-li si, \u017ee Igor Girkin (Strelkov), kter\u00fd zosob\u0148uje \u010dasn\u00e9 st\u00e1dium separatismu, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=v-830mCa_80\" target=\"_blank\">p\u0159iznal<\/a> v\u00a0kv\u011btnu 2014, kdy byly boje v\u00a0pln\u00e9m proudu, \u017ee jen obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b dal na Donbasu dohromady tis\u00edcovku bojovn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Toto v\u0161e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed obr\u00e1zek um\u011ble vyvolan\u00e9ho povst\u00e1n\u00ed inspirovan\u00e9ho kremelsk\u00fdmi agenty, vyzbrojen\u00e9ho rusk\u00fdmi zbran\u011bmi, realizovan\u00e9ho p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b rusk\u00fdmi bojovn\u00edky a \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho z\u00a0Moskvy. V\u011bt\u0161ina mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch zpravodajsk\u00fdch agentur se p\u0159esto st\u00e1le dr\u017e\u00ed p\u0159i zdi. Mluv\u00ed o\u00a0\u201eprorusk\u00fdch s\u00edl\u00e1ch\u201c, p\u0159esto\u017ee je podobn\u00fd term\u00edn ve vztahu k\u00a0rusk\u00fdm ob\u010dan\u016fm zjevn\u00fd nesmysl. Z\u00e1stupci t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 v\u00e1hy jako je <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-33224138\" target=\"_blank\">BBC<\/a> nebo kanadsk\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/CBCAlerts\/status\/752167558871220224\" target=\"_blank\">CBC<\/a> sice rusk\u00fd faktor uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed, p\u0159esto st\u00e1le vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed o\u00a0\u201eob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce na Ukrajin\u011b\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Existuje spousta d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d byla m\u00e9dia s\u00a0volbou formulac\u00ed tak bezradn\u00e1. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch faktor\u016f se stalo lp\u011bn\u00ed na objektivit\u011b, kter\u00e9 je z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u017eurnalistice vlastn\u00ed (alespo\u0148 teoreticky). Tuto \u00fapornou snahu pod\u00e1vat ud\u00e1losti \u201ez\u00a0obou stran\u201c mistrovsky vyu\u017eil Kreml, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1zal posunout spole\u010densk\u00fd konsenzus t\u00edm, \u017ee protla\u010dil vlastn\u00ed interpretaci situace. Klasick\u00fdm tomu p\u0159\u00edkladem se stalo zobrazen\u00ed ukrajinsk\u00e9ho lidov\u00e9ho povst\u00e1n\u00ed proti autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9mu re\u017eimu jako fa\u0161istick\u00e9ho p\u0159evratu v\u00a0re\u017eii CIA.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e stoj\u00edme tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0tv\u00e1\u0159 tak obrovsk\u00fdm rozd\u00edl\u016fm v\u00a0interpretac\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, nedok\u00e1\u017eeme naj\u00edt mezi nimi smysluplnou rovnov\u00e1hu. Novin\u00e1\u0159i tak mus\u00ed bu\u010f prezentovat vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1zor, nebo se dr\u017eet striktn\u00ed neutrality. Drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00a0nich se rozhodla pro druhou mo\u017enost\u00a0\u2013 kdyby se zachovali jinak, znamenalo by to rezignaci na kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 etick\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky modern\u00ed \u017eurnalistiky. Kdy\u017e ov\u0161em z\u00e1padn\u00ed m\u00e9dia odm\u00edtla vyvodit z\u00e1v\u011bry na z\u00e1klad\u011b norm\u00e1ln\u00edho zdrav\u00e9ho rozumu, prok\u00e1zala t\u00edm Kremlu neocenitelnou slu\u017ebu.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u010ct\u011bte tak\u00e9: <a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/egorovaleaks-semafor-pro-pristup-do-dlr-a-dohled-nad-zahranicnimi-novinari\/\" target=\"_blank\">EgorovaLeaks: semafor pro p\u0159\u00edstup do \u201eDLR\u201c a dohled nad zahrani\u010dn\u00edmi novin\u00e1\u0159i<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eej\u00ed tak\u00e9 k\u00a0ud\u00e1lostem na politick\u00e9 ar\u00e9n\u011b. Rusk\u00e9 pop\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dasti na konfliktu dal\u0161\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed nevy\u017eaduje, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b za to v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee i Ukrajina. Kyjev odm\u00edtl ofici\u00e1ln\u011b vyhl\u00e1sit v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd stav a rozhodl se prezentovat konflikt jako protiteroristickou operaci. M\u011bl k\u00a0tomu celou \u0159adu pr\u00e1vn\u00edch a strategick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b snahu udr\u017eet si mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed financov\u00e1n\u00ed, ani\u017e by z\u00e1rove\u0148 poskytl Kremlu z\u00e1minku k\u00a0tot\u00e1ln\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 invazi. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b z\u00a0toho vznikl je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zmatek.<\/p>\n<p>T\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed je pochopit d\u016fvody rezervovan\u00e9ho postoje mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch politick\u00fdch \u0161pi\u010dek. Zat\u00edmco n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich v\u00fdslovn\u011b mluv\u00ed o\u00a0rusk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 agresi, dal\u0161\u00ed dali p\u0159ednost tomu, \u017ee nebudou riskovat, omez\u00ed se na obecnou zm\u00ednku o\u00a0\u201erusk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dasti\u201c a vyzvou v\u0161echny strany k\u00a0zastaven\u00ed boj\u016f. Mo\u017en\u00e1 doufaj\u00ed, \u017ee takto ponechaj\u00ed Rusku \u00fastupovou cestu ven z\u00a0konfliktu a vyhnou se tot\u00e1ln\u00edmu vojensk\u00e9mu st\u0159etu s\u00a0Kremlem.<\/p>\n<p>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b nelze \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee by tu \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd pokrok nebyl. V\u00a0prvn\u00edch dnech konfliktu se mnoho m\u00e9di\u00ed rozhodlo podat v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 st\u0159ety jako pouhou vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed ukrajinskou z\u00e1le\u017eitost s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm term\u00edn\u016f jako \u201eukrajin\u0161t\u00ed povstalci\u201c nebo \u201eprotikyjev\u0161t\u00ed separatist\u00e9\u201c. Tato ozna\u010den\u00ed postupn\u011b vyst\u0159\u00eddaly \u201es\u00edly podporovan\u00e9 Ruskem\u201c a \u201eprorusk\u00e9 s\u00edly\u201c. Ministerstvo zahrani\u010d\u00ed USA se pokusilo o\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed krok v\u00a0tomto postupu, kdy\u017e na ja\u0159e 2015 zavedlo v\u011btu \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/the-us-now-sees-the-ukrainian-rebels-as-a-russian-force-2015-4\" target=\"_blank\">sjednocen\u00e9 rusko-separatistick\u00e9 s\u00edly<\/a>\u201c. Tento sice technicky p\u0159esn\u00fd, ale pon\u011bkud ne\u0161ikovn\u00fd term\u00edn v\u0161ak bohu\u017eel nedok\u00e1zal zm\u011bnit vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Ned\u011bl\u00e1 ve v\u011bci jasno, ale jen nastoluje dal\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zky: poskytuje Rusko jen vojensk\u00e9 poradce? jak\u00fd je po\u010detn\u00ed pom\u011br mezi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky t\u011bchto sjednocen\u00fdch sil? Nezaujat\u00ed pozorovatel\u00e9 by mohli dosp\u011bt k\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee tu Rusko nem\u00e1 v\u016fbec rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed roli.<\/p>\n<p>Ve sv\u011btle probl\u00e9m\u016f zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch hybridn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupem Ruska k\u00a0mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm konflikt\u016fm sv\u011btov\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed zjevn\u011b pot\u0159ebuje nov\u00fd slovn\u00edk. Koncepce rusk\u00e9 hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lky se v\u00a0posledn\u00edch dvou a p\u016fl letech v\u0161eobecn\u011b v\u017eila, dosud v\u0161ak nevedla ke vzniku jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 terminologie, kter\u00e1 by dok\u00e1zala p\u0159esn\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159it rusk\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Ukrajiny. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nov\u00fdch term\u00edn\u016f pro popis vojensk\u00fdch jednotek na V\u00fdchodn\u00ed Ukrajin\u011b by mohlo b\u00fdt \u201ehybridn\u00ed rusk\u00e9 s\u00edly\u201c: zd\u016fraznilo by to celkovou zodpov\u011bdnost Ruska a z\u00e1rove\u0148 uzn\u00e1valo, \u017ee p\u0159edm\u011btn\u00e9 s\u00edly jsou r\u016fznorod\u00e9 a li\u0161\u00ed se od b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil. Stejn\u011b tak to, co r\u016fzn\u00e9 zdroje ozna\u010duj\u00ed za \u201eukrajinskou krizi\u201c nebo \u201eukrajinsk\u00fd konflikt\u201c, by bylo spr\u00e1vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ozna\u010dit jako \u201eruskou hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lku\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Ji\u017e oded\u00e1vna se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee pero je mocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e me\u010d, a tato v\u011bta nikdy nebyla pravdiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ve stolet\u00ed informac\u00ed. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed tisk sehr\u00e1l kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v\u00a0podpo\u0159e rusk\u00e9 hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lky proti Ukrajin\u011b; nyn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee pomoci zvr\u00e1tit situaci, kdy\u017e p\u0159ijme terminologii, kter\u00e1 bude p\u0159esn\u011b odr\u00e1\u017eet re\u00e1lie krvav\u00e9ho konfliktu.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Na fotce: voj\u00e1k samozvan\u00e9 \u201eLuhansk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 republiky (LLR)\u201c pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zaparkovat tank sta\u017een\u00fd od demarka\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ry. Ukrajina, 3.\u00a0\u0159\u00edjna 2015. REUTERS\u00a0\/ Oleksandr Jermo\u010denko<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Zdroj: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/new-atlanticist\/how-the-international-media-enables-russian-aggression-in-ukraine\" target=\"_blank\">Atlantic Council<\/a><br \/>\nP\u0159eklad do ru\u0161tiny: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sasha.okhrimenko\" target=\"_blank\">Oleksandr Ochrimenk<\/a>o speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro InformNapalm<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Origin\u00e1l publikov\u00e1n dne 6.\u00a0srpna 2016<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159eklad: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/scyhol\" target=\"_blank\">Svatoslav \u0160\u010dyhol<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zda existuj\u00ed term\u00edny pro popis ud\u00e1lost\u00ed na v\u00fdchod\u011b Ukrajiny a pro\u010d rusk\u00e1 agrese dnes, po v\u00edce ne\u017e&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":78,"featured_media":1869,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[518,516,754],"tags":[168,778,56],"class_list":["post-1868","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-donbass","category-all-news","category-spolecnost-all-news","tag-hybridni-valka","tag-media","tag-valka-na-ukrajine"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - 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Nab\u00edz\u00edme \u00favahy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/peter.dickinson.5895\" target=\"_blank\">Petera Dickinsona<\/a>, vydavatele \u010dasopisu Business Ukraine a Lviv Today, kolumnisty v\u00a0The Odessa Review, v\u00a0minulosti \u0161\u00e9fredaktora Ukraine Today a What\u2018s On Kyiv.<\/strong><!--more-->\r\n\r\nKdyby n\u011bkdo vypr\u00e1v\u011bl o\u00a0\u201es\u00edl\u00e1ch podporovan\u00fdch N\u011bmeckem\u201c v\u00a0nacisty okupovan\u00e9 Francii nebo o\u00a0\u201eprosov\u011btsk\u00fdch s\u00edl\u00e1ch\u201c v\u00a0dob\u011b Pra\u017esk\u00e9ho jara, autora podobn\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru by nikdo nebral v\u00e1\u017en\u011b z\u00a0d\u016fvodu jeho beznad\u011bjn\u00e9 nev\u011bdomosti nebo hlubok\u00e9 neup\u0159\u00edmnosti. P\u0159esto\u017ee v\u00a0obou t\u011bchto zem\u00edch bylo dost jak m\u00edstn\u00edch kolaborant\u016f, tak vhodn\u00fdch eufemism\u016f pro jejich ozna\u010den\u00ed, nebyly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pochybnosti o\u00a0tom, kdo skute\u010dn\u011b ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 situaci. Vypad\u00e1 to v\u0161ak, \u017ee si tento zdrav\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup nena\u0161el m\u00edsto na Ukrajin\u011b, kde mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u00e9dia sehr\u00e1la kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v\u00a0chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm jednozna\u010dn\u00e9m ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed situace, co\u017e umo\u017enilo Rusku dos\u00e1hnout \u00fasp\u011bchu ve sv\u00e9 hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lce.\r\n\r\nPro\u010d jsou m\u00e9dia tak opatrn\u00e1, kdy\u017e mluv\u00ed o\u00a0roli Moskvy v\u00a0tomto konfliktu? Nen\u00ed to t\u00edm, \u017ee by chyb\u011bly d\u016fkazy. Hned od prvn\u00edch dn\u016f boj\u016f na v\u00fdchod\u011b Ukrajiny bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno v\u00edc ne\u017e dost skute\u010dnost\u00ed dokl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch ruskou \u00fa\u010dast. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ichni prvn\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00e1ci separatistick\u00fdch republik byli rusk\u00fdmi ob\u010dany. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i vid\u011bli na vlastn\u00ed o\u010di, jak konvoje se spoustou rusk\u00fdch zbran\u00ed p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed hranice, a nat\u00e1\u010deli rozhovory s\u00a0rusk\u00fdmi d\u016fstojn\u00edky v\u00a0oblasti konfliktu. Dokonce i prokremel\u0161t\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i na Ukrajin\u011b nejednou nedopat\u0159en\u00edm uk\u00e1zali techniku a zbran\u011b, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 pouze rusk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da.\r\n\r\n<em>\u010ct\u011bte tak\u00e9: <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/RussianPresence\" target=\"_blank\">Datab\u00e1ze incident\u016f se zachycen\u00fdmi rusk\u00fdmi voj\u00e1ky a jednotkami ve v\u00e1lce na Donbasu<\/a><\/em>\r\n\r\nNa z\u00e1klad\u011b dostupn\u00fdch informac\u00ed na internetu soukrom\u00ed vy\u0161et\u0159ovatel\u00e9 nasb\u00edrali <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/17\/russia-shelled-ukrainians-from-within-its-own-territory-says-study\" target=\"_blank\">p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9 d\u016fkazy<\/a> d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e9ho ost\u0159elov\u00e1n\u00ed ukrajinsk\u00fdch pozic z\u00a0rusk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2zssIFN2mso\" target=\"_blank\">selfies rusk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f<\/a> sd\u00edlen\u00e9 na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch dokl\u00e1daly jejich p\u0159\u00edtomnost na Ukrajin\u011b. Jsou zn\u00e1my i p\u0159\u00edpady zajet\u00ed cel\u00fdch skupin rusk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f v\u00a0hlubok\u00e9m ukrajinsk\u00e9m vnitrozem\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 n\u011bkter\u00fdch z\u00a0nich se Kreml jednodu\u0161e z\u0159ekl, o\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch tvrdil, \u017ee \u201ezabloudili\u201c.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-28357880\" target=\"_blank\">Incident s\u00a0MH17<\/a> si zaslou\u017e\u00ed samostatnou diskuzi: slo\u017eit\u00e9 protileteck\u00e9 syst\u00e9my se nep\u0159esouvaj\u00ed p\u0159es mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed hranice do konfliktn\u00edch oblast\u00ed samy o\u00a0sob\u011b.\r\n\r\nNav\u00edc existuje cel\u00e9 samostatn\u00e9 t\u00e9ma rusk\u00fdch \u201edobrovoln\u00edk\u016f\u201c a \u201edovolenk\u00e1\u0159\u016f\u201c, co\u017e je jak\u00e1si mi\u0161ma\u0161 z\u00a0rusk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, kde vedle sebe bojuj\u00ed arm\u00e1dn\u00ed veter\u00e1ni, \u017eold\u00e1ci, extr\u00e9mn\u011b pravicov\u00ed fanatici a krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed spodina. Nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00e1ci ozbrojenc\u016f nejednou potvrdili, \u017ee jejich celkov\u00fd sou\u010det dosahuje zhruba pades\u00e1ti tis\u00edc\u00a0\u2013 je to obrovsk\u00fd po\u010det, vybav\u00edme-li si, \u017ee Igor Girkin (Strelkov), kter\u00fd zosob\u0148uje \u010dasn\u00e9 st\u00e1dium separatismu, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=v-830mCa_80\" target=\"_blank\">p\u0159iznal<\/a> v\u00a0kv\u011btnu 2014, kdy byly boje v\u00a0pln\u00e9m proudu, \u017ee jen obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b dal na Donbasu dohromady tis\u00edcovku bojovn\u00edk\u016f.\r\n\r\nToto v\u0161e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed obr\u00e1zek um\u011ble vyvolan\u00e9ho povst\u00e1n\u00ed inspirovan\u00e9ho kremelsk\u00fdmi agenty, vyzbrojen\u00e9ho rusk\u00fdmi zbran\u011bmi, realizovan\u00e9ho p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b rusk\u00fdmi bojovn\u00edky a \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho z\u00a0Moskvy. V\u011bt\u0161ina mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch zpravodajsk\u00fdch agentur se p\u0159esto st\u00e1le dr\u017e\u00ed p\u0159i zdi. Mluv\u00ed o\u00a0\u201eprorusk\u00fdch s\u00edl\u00e1ch\u201c, p\u0159esto\u017ee je podobn\u00fd term\u00edn ve vztahu k\u00a0rusk\u00fdm ob\u010dan\u016fm zjevn\u00fd nesmysl. Z\u00e1stupci t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 v\u00e1hy jako je <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-33224138\" target=\"_blank\">BBC<\/a> nebo kanadsk\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/CBCAlerts\/status\/752167558871220224\" target=\"_blank\">CBC<\/a> sice rusk\u00fd faktor uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed, p\u0159esto st\u00e1le vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed o\u00a0\u201eob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce na Ukrajin\u011b\u201c.\r\n\r\nExistuje spousta d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d byla m\u00e9dia s\u00a0volbou formulac\u00ed tak bezradn\u00e1. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch faktor\u016f se stalo lp\u011bn\u00ed na objektivit\u011b, kter\u00e9 je z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u017eurnalistice vlastn\u00ed (alespo\u0148 teoreticky). Tuto \u00fapornou snahu pod\u00e1vat ud\u00e1losti \u201ez\u00a0obou stran\u201c mistrovsky vyu\u017eil Kreml, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1zal posunout spole\u010densk\u00fd konsenzus t\u00edm, \u017ee protla\u010dil vlastn\u00ed interpretaci situace. Klasick\u00fdm tomu p\u0159\u00edkladem se stalo zobrazen\u00ed ukrajinsk\u00e9ho lidov\u00e9ho povst\u00e1n\u00ed proti autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9mu re\u017eimu jako fa\u0161istick\u00e9ho p\u0159evratu v\u00a0re\u017eii CIA.\r\n\r\nKdy\u017e stoj\u00edme tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0tv\u00e1\u0159 tak obrovsk\u00fdm rozd\u00edl\u016fm v\u00a0interpretac\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, nedok\u00e1\u017eeme naj\u00edt mezi nimi smysluplnou rovnov\u00e1hu. Novin\u00e1\u0159i tak mus\u00ed bu\u010f prezentovat vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1zor, nebo se dr\u017eet striktn\u00ed neutrality. Drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00a0nich se rozhodla pro druhou mo\u017enost\u00a0\u2013 kdyby se zachovali jinak, znamenalo by to rezignaci na kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 etick\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky modern\u00ed \u017eurnalistiky. Kdy\u017e ov\u0161em z\u00e1padn\u00ed m\u00e9dia odm\u00edtla vyvodit z\u00e1v\u011bry na z\u00e1klad\u011b norm\u00e1ln\u00edho zdrav\u00e9ho rozumu, prok\u00e1zala t\u00edm Kremlu neocenitelnou slu\u017ebu.\r\n\r\n<em>\u010ct\u011bte tak\u00e9: <a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/egorovaleaks-semafor-pro-pristup-do-dlr-a-dohled-nad-zahranicnimi-novinari\/\" target=\"_blank\">EgorovaLeaks: semafor pro p\u0159\u00edstup do \u201eDLR\u201c a dohled nad zahrani\u010dn\u00edmi novin\u00e1\u0159i<\/a><\/em>\r\n\r\nMezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eej\u00ed tak\u00e9 k\u00a0ud\u00e1lostem na politick\u00e9 ar\u00e9n\u011b. Rusk\u00e9 pop\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dasti na konfliktu dal\u0161\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed nevy\u017eaduje, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b za to v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee i Ukrajina. Kyjev odm\u00edtl ofici\u00e1ln\u011b vyhl\u00e1sit v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd stav a rozhodl se prezentovat konflikt jako protiteroristickou operaci. M\u011bl k\u00a0tomu celou \u0159adu pr\u00e1vn\u00edch a strategick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b snahu udr\u017eet si mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed financov\u00e1n\u00ed, ani\u017e by z\u00e1rove\u0148 poskytl Kremlu z\u00e1minku k\u00a0tot\u00e1ln\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 invazi. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b z\u00a0toho vznikl je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zmatek.\r\n\r\nT\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed je pochopit d\u016fvody rezervovan\u00e9ho postoje mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch politick\u00fdch \u0161pi\u010dek. Zat\u00edmco n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich v\u00fdslovn\u011b mluv\u00ed o\u00a0rusk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 agresi, dal\u0161\u00ed dali p\u0159ednost tomu, \u017ee nebudou riskovat, omez\u00ed se na obecnou zm\u00ednku o\u00a0\u201erusk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dasti\u201c a vyzvou v\u0161echny strany k\u00a0zastaven\u00ed boj\u016f. Mo\u017en\u00e1 doufaj\u00ed, \u017ee takto ponechaj\u00ed Rusku \u00fastupovou cestu ven z\u00a0konfliktu a vyhnou se tot\u00e1ln\u00edmu vojensk\u00e9mu st\u0159etu s\u00a0Kremlem.\r\n\r\nNicm\u00e9n\u011b nelze \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee by tu \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd pokrok nebyl. V\u00a0prvn\u00edch dnech konfliktu se mnoho m\u00e9di\u00ed rozhodlo podat v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 st\u0159ety jako pouhou vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed ukrajinskou z\u00e1le\u017eitost s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm term\u00edn\u016f jako \u201eukrajin\u0161t\u00ed povstalci\u201c nebo \u201eprotikyjev\u0161t\u00ed separatist\u00e9\u201c. Tato ozna\u010den\u00ed postupn\u011b vyst\u0159\u00eddaly \u201es\u00edly podporovan\u00e9 Ruskem\u201c a \u201eprorusk\u00e9 s\u00edly\u201c. Ministerstvo zahrani\u010d\u00ed USA se pokusilo o\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed krok v\u00a0tomto postupu, kdy\u017e na ja\u0159e 2015 zavedlo v\u011btu \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/the-us-now-sees-the-ukrainian-rebels-as-a-russian-force-2015-4\" target=\"_blank\">sjednocen\u00e9 rusko-separatistick\u00e9 s\u00edly<\/a>\u201c. Tento sice technicky p\u0159esn\u00fd, ale pon\u011bkud ne\u0161ikovn\u00fd term\u00edn v\u0161ak bohu\u017eel nedok\u00e1zal zm\u011bnit vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Ned\u011bl\u00e1 ve v\u011bci jasno, ale jen nastoluje dal\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zky: poskytuje Rusko jen vojensk\u00e9 poradce? jak\u00fd je po\u010detn\u00ed pom\u011br mezi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky t\u011bchto sjednocen\u00fdch sil? Nezaujat\u00ed pozorovatel\u00e9 by mohli dosp\u011bt k\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee tu Rusko nem\u00e1 v\u016fbec rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed roli.\r\n\r\nVe sv\u011btle probl\u00e9m\u016f zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch hybridn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupem Ruska k\u00a0mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm konflikt\u016fm sv\u011btov\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed zjevn\u011b pot\u0159ebuje nov\u00fd slovn\u00edk. Koncepce rusk\u00e9 hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lky se v\u00a0posledn\u00edch dvou a p\u016fl letech v\u0161eobecn\u011b v\u017eila, dosud v\u0161ak nevedla ke vzniku jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 terminologie, kter\u00e1 by dok\u00e1zala p\u0159esn\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159it rusk\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Ukrajiny. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nov\u00fdch term\u00edn\u016f pro popis vojensk\u00fdch jednotek na V\u00fdchodn\u00ed Ukrajin\u011b by mohlo b\u00fdt \u201ehybridn\u00ed rusk\u00e9 s\u00edly\u201c: zd\u016fraznilo by to celkovou zodpov\u011bdnost Ruska a z\u00e1rove\u0148 uzn\u00e1valo, \u017ee p\u0159edm\u011btn\u00e9 s\u00edly jsou r\u016fznorod\u00e9 a li\u0161\u00ed se od b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil. Stejn\u011b tak to, co r\u016fzn\u00e9 zdroje ozna\u010duj\u00ed za \u201eukrajinskou krizi\u201c nebo \u201eukrajinsk\u00fd konflikt\u201c, by bylo spr\u00e1vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ozna\u010dit jako \u201eruskou hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lku\u201c.\r\n\r\nJi\u017e oded\u00e1vna se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee pero je mocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e me\u010d, a tato v\u011bta nikdy nebyla pravdiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ve stolet\u00ed informac\u00ed. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed tisk sehr\u00e1l kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v\u00a0podpo\u0159e rusk\u00e9 hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lky proti Ukrajin\u011b; nyn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee pomoci zvr\u00e1tit situaci, kdy\u017e p\u0159ijme terminologii, kter\u00e1 bude p\u0159esn\u011b odr\u00e1\u017eet re\u00e1lie krvav\u00e9ho konfliktu.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<em>Na fotce: voj\u00e1k samozvan\u00e9 \u201eLuhansk\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 republiky (LLR)\u201c pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zaparkovat tank sta\u017een\u00fd od demarka\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ry. Ukrajina, 3.\u00a0\u0159\u00edjna 2015. REUTERS\u00a0\/ Oleksandr Jermo\u010denko<\/em>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<em>Zdroj: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/new-atlanticist\/how-the-international-media-enables-russian-aggression-in-ukraine\" target=\"_blank\">Atlantic Council<\/a>\r\nP\u0159eklad do ru\u0161tiny: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sasha.okhrimenko\" target=\"_blank\">Oleksandr Ochrimenk<\/a>o speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro InformNapalm<\/em>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\nOrigin\u00e1l publikov\u00e1n dne 6.\u00a0srpna 2016\r\n\r\nP\u0159eklad: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/scyhol\" target=\"_blank\">Svatoslav \u0160\u010dyhol<\/a>","amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1868","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/78"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1868"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1868\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1870,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1868\/revisions\/1870"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1869"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1868"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1868"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1868"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}