{"id":2781,"date":"2017-01-16T22:43:46","date_gmt":"2017-01-16T22:43:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/?p=2781"},"modified":"2017-01-18T22:49:45","modified_gmt":"2017-01-18T22:49:45","slug":"strach-nenavist-a-zavist-v-lidovych-republikach-interpretace-terorismu-z-pohledu-psychoanalyzy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/strach-nenavist-a-zavist-v-lidovych-republikach-interpretace-terorismu-z-pohledu-psychoanalyzy\/","title":{"rendered":"Strach, nen\u00e1vist a z\u00e1vist v \u201elidov\u00fdch republik\u00e1ch\u201c: interpretace terorismu z pohledu psychoanal\u00fdzy"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jako motto\u00a0k\u00a0publikaci o\u00a0psychoanal\u00fdze terorismu by mohl poslou\u017eit skv\u011bl\u00fd cit\u00e1t z\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku od Valentina Bary\u0161nikova:<\/p>\n

S\u00edly thanatu, pou\u017eijeme-li freudovskou terminologii, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed v\u00edt\u011bzit nad s\u00edlami er\u00f3tu. L\u00e1ska k\u00a0\u017eivotu v\u00a0celospole\u010densk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku se v\u016fbec nezrodila, mysl\u00edm l\u00e1sku k\u00a0vypl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edho pr\u00e1zdna n\u011b\u010d\u00edm pozitivn\u00edm: m\u011bsty, vesnicemi, silnicemi, tov\u00e1rnami, objevy nebo vyn\u00e1lezy. Nestalo se, nezafungovalo. A teprve kdy\u017e se rozezn\u011bly v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 pok\u0159iky \u201ena Kyjev\u201c, \u201ena Evropu\u201c, \u201ena Ameriku\u201c a tak d\u00e1le, za\u010dal b\u00fdt c\u00edtit jak\u00fdsi emo\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1boj, z\u00e1jem o\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto prostoru, vnit\u0159n\u011b dost z\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho.
\n<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 Dok\u00e1\u017eou milovat jen mrtv\u00e9<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Vyu\u017eijme psychoanal\u00fdzu, tedy v\u011bdu o\u00a0podv\u011bdom\u00fdch psychick\u00fdch procesech a ran\u00fdch psychick\u00fdch traumatech, abychom zodpov\u011bd\u011bli ot\u00e1zku: pro\u010d \u010dlov\u011bk, skupina lid\u00ed nebo societa jako celek vol\u00ed destrukci, zhoubnou agresi a \u00fato\u010dn\u00fd triumf za zp\u016fsob a c\u00edl vlastn\u00ed existence?<\/p>\n

Na\u0161im c\u00edlem je osvobozen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, jemu\u017e \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me Novorusko, tedy Nov\u00e9 Rusko, a jeho rusk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva od nep\u0159\u00edtele, kyjevsk\u00e9 chunty… Imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed nacionalismus je tak zachov\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho \u201en\u00e1rodn\u00edho\u201c v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ust\u00e1len\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho st\u00e1tu, v\u00a0na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Rusk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.
\n<\/em>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u2013 P\u0159ezd\u00edvka Normann: rozhovor s\u00a0na\u0161im \u010dten\u00e1\u0159em opol\u010dencem<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Identita<\/strong>. U\u00a0prvn\u00edch, dost optimistick\u00fdch pokus\u016f o\u00a0vysv\u011btlen\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm psychoanal\u00fdzy, pro\u010d se mlad\u00ed lid\u00e9 p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed k\u00a0teroristick\u00e9 skupin\u011b, se pou\u017e\u00edval pojem \u201ekrize identity\u201c\u00a0\u2013 kdy\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk hledaj\u00edc\u00ed sebeidentifikaci trp\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed fragmentac\u00ed a kontroverzemi, nedok\u00e1\u017ee naj\u00edt odpov\u011b\u010f na ot\u00e1zku \u201ekdo jsem?\u201c.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce 1981 z\u00e1padon\u011bmeck\u00e9 Ministerstvo vnitra financovalo v\u00fdzkum 220\u00a0n\u011bmeck\u00fdch terorist\u016f. Jeden z\u00a0badatel\u016f, Bolinger, z\u00edskal klinick\u00fd materi\u00e1l o\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed skupin\u011b v\u011bzn\u011bn\u00fdch levicov\u00fdch terorist\u016f. Popisuje je jako lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed vstoupili do dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho \u017eivota s\u00a0neadekv\u00e1tn\u011b vytvo\u0159enou identitou. Tito lid\u00e9 m\u011bli chladn\u00fd postoj v\u016f\u010di societ\u011b, c\u00edtili se na jej\u00edm okraji, p\u0159ipojen\u00ed k\u00a0teroristick\u00e9 skupin\u011b jim tak umo\u017enilo naj\u00edt odpov\u011b\u010f na ot\u00e1zku \u201ekdo jsem?\u201c, vysv\u011btlit si aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9my a uv\u011b\u0159it ve svou \u0161\u0165astnou budoucnost.<\/p>\n

Teoreticky mohu zavolat ministrovi. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mohu i prakticky, ale prost\u011b to nepot\u0159ebuji. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto kdy\u017e zavol\u00e1m, on hovor p\u0159ijme a \u0159ekne: \u201eDobr\u00fd den, brat\u0159e!\u201c Je to spole\u010dn\u00fd pozdrav lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve pat\u0159ili do skupiny, kter\u00e1 se dnes rozr\u016fst\u00e1 do praporu. Je to ka\u017edodenn\u00ed a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9ho pocitu onoho bratrstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 spojuje opol\u010dence.
\n<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 Z\u00e1pisky opol\u010dence<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Narcismus<\/strong>. Jeden z\u00a0nejcitovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch modern\u00edch v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f psychologie terorismu Richard Pearlstein m\u00e1 za to, \u017ee nej\u00fapln\u011bji lze osobn\u00ed logiku politick\u00e9ho terorismu vysv\u011btlit prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm psychoanalytick\u00e9 koncepce narcismu. Provedl dev\u011bt tematick\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f terorist\u016f a zjistil, \u017ee v\u00a090\u00a0% p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f hr\u00e1lo kritickou roli na psychick\u00e9m \u017eivotopise politick\u00fdch terorist\u016f narcistick\u00e9 zklam\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mnoha terorist\u016fm je vlastn\u00ed tzv. narcistick\u00e1 deficience, hluboce a intenzivn\u011b pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd nedostatek, doslova pr\u00e1zdno nam\u00edsto pocitu integrity a sebe\u00facty. Ochranou p\u0159ed t\u00edmto vnit\u0159n\u00edm pocitem nicotnosti se st\u00e1v\u00e1 permanentn\u00ed pot\u0159eba pro\u017e\u00edvat vlastn\u00ed grandiozitu, v\u0161emohoucnost, triumf.<\/p>\n

Jde o\u00a0lidi poci\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed transperson\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty jako p\u0159irozen\u00e9. Kdo chce pochytit jejich motivaci, m\u016f\u017ee zhl\u00e9dnout Bondar\u010duk\u016fv film Bojovali za vlast, p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161liv\u011b a bez rozptylov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ukazuje Rusy v\u00a0cel\u00e9 jednoduchosti jejich majest\u00e1tu.
\n<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 Z\u00e1pisky opol\u010dence<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Hn\u011bv<\/strong>. Kdy\u017e posti\u017een\u00e9 narcismem lidi potk\u00e1 ne\u00fasp\u011bch, nej\u010dast\u011bji pro\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed silnou destruktivn\u00ed reakci, j\u00ed\u017e psychoanalytici \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed narcistick\u00fd hn\u011bv. Psychologick\u00fd sv\u011bt takov\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka obsahuje jen \u201ebu\u010f v\u0161e, nebo nic\u201c, ka\u017ed\u00fd nezdar je pro n\u011bj zdrojem bolesti. P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny ne\u00fasp\u011bchu, neuzn\u00e1n\u00ed a nep\u0159ijet\u00ed se prom\u00edtaj\u00ed ven a zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00ed se v\u00a0obraze \u201eodporn\u00e9ho, nicotn\u00e9ho, z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00e9ho nep\u0159\u00edtele\u201c\u00a0\u2013 spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 se st\u00e1v\u00e1 objektem tohoto hn\u011bvu. Zbavit se intenzivn\u00edho vnit\u0159n\u00edho pocitu nepohodl\u00ed lze pouze zni\u010den\u00edm tohoto vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho objektu, tedy spole\u010dnosti samotn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Co je va\u0161im kone\u010dn\u00fdm c\u00edlem?
\n\u2013 Vybombardovat Kyjev, zni\u010dit ty bastardy. Ur\u010dit\u011b dojdeme a\u017e do Kyjeva, v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed bude na\u0161e. Cht\u011bli pozab\u00edjet n\u00e1s, v\u0161ichni ti Tur\u010dynovov\u00e9, Jace\u0148ukov\u00e9 a Poro\u0161enkov\u00e9, my v\u0161ak zabijeme je. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b bude soud, p\u0159ed n\u00edm\u017e se zodpov\u00ed ze v\u0161ech sv\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch zlo\u010din\u016f. Budeme bombardovat Kyjev stejn\u011b, jak oni dnes bombarduj\u00ed Slovjansk, Don\u011bck a dal\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsta.
\n<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 Rozhovor s\u00a0teroristou. D\u00edl druh\u00fd<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Z\u00e1vist<\/strong>. Nedostatek kladn\u00fdch vnit\u0159n\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00fd ran\u00fdmi psychologick\u00fdmi traumaty nevyhnuteln\u011b doprov\u00e1z\u00ed siln\u00fd pocit z\u00e1visti: terorista m\u00e1 za to, \u017ee okoln\u00ed sv\u011bt disponuje ve\u0161ker\u00fdmi dobr\u00fdmi a \u017e\u00e1douc\u00edmi vlastnostmi, zat\u00edmco on s\u00e1m zdroje dobra a mo\u017enosti uspokojen\u00ed postr\u00e1d\u00e1. Melanie Kleinov\u00e1 popisuje touhu ni\u010dit, kter\u00e1 je terorist\u016fm vlastn\u00ed, jako \u201epo\u0161kozov\u00e1n\u00ed dobr\u00fdch objekt\u016f ze z\u00e1visti\u201c. Na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tato z\u00e1vist vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena touhou ud\u011blat ze sv\u011bta \u201eradioaktivn\u00ed popel\u201c.<\/p>\n

Nejde o\u00a0v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed, ale o\u00a0to, aby se cel\u00fd tento slavnostn\u00ed, vypar\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fd, bohat\u00fd, vit\u00e1ln\u00ed a nekone\u010dn\u011b ciz\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed sv\u011bt pono\u0159il do tmy. Jsme ochotni odej\u00edt do nejsoucna, ale stejn\u011b v\u00e1s vezmeme s\u00a0sebou, i kdybyste zni\u010dili na\u0161i zemi…
\n<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 Dok\u00e1\u017eou milovat jen mrtv\u00e9<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u016fdce<\/strong>. Modern\u00ed psychoanalytik S.\u00a0Achtar popisuje teroristick\u00e9 v\u016fdce jako lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed ostatn\u00edm, nen\u00e1vid\u00ed pasivitu a boj\u00ed se, \u017ee jejich psychofyzick\u00e9 hranice budou znovu naru\u0161eny (jak tomu \u010dasto b\u00fdvalo v\u00a0d\u011btstv\u00ed). Aby tento strach p\u0159ekonali, poci\u0165uj\u00ed tito lid\u00e9 pot\u0159ebu \u201ezab\u00edt\u201c vlastn\u00ed p\u0159edstavu o\u00a0sob\u011b jako ob\u011bti.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0nejhor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b osobnost teroristick\u00e9ho v\u016fdce p\u0159edstavuje patologickou kombinaci narcistick\u00fdch a paranoidn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed na pozad\u00ed syndromu zhoubn\u00e9ho narcismu (dle Otta Kernberga). Jde o\u00a0zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd typ poruchy osobnosti, kter\u00e1 je zbavena sv\u011bdom\u00ed a pocitu viny, sna\u017e\u00ed se vzbudit u\u00a0ostatn\u00edch strach a obdiv z\u00e1rove\u0148, po\u017eaduje naprostou loajalitu a vn\u00edm\u00e1 jakoukoli n\u00e1mitku jako v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd \u00fatok proti sob\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u201eZ\u00cdTRA\u201c: Jak ses sem dostal?
\nMOTOROLA: Jak se dostal? (Sm\u011bje se.) Nastoupil do vlaku a p\u0159ijel. Moc jsem to ne\u0159e\u0161il. Jsou tu Rusov\u00e9, tak jsem p\u0159ijel…
\n\u201eZ\u00cdTRA\u201c: A kdo z\u00a0rusk\u00fdch sv\u011btc\u016f nebo rusk\u00fdch vojev\u016fdc\u016f je ti duchem, povahou nebo \u017eivotopisem nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed?
\nMOTOROLA: …No, nev\u00edm, komu bych se cht\u011bl podobat. Sob\u011b sam\u00e9mu, a j\u00e1 jsem se ji\u017e realizoval.
\n<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 Gennadij Dubovoj: Legend\u00e1rn\u00ed Motorola<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Skupina<\/strong>. K\u00a0popisu dynamiky teroristick\u00e9 skupiny Kernberg pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pojem \u201ez\u00e1kladn\u00ed postoj boje a \u00fat\u011bku\u201c (dle Wilfreda Biona). Skupina si v\u00a0tomto z\u00e1kladn\u00edm postoji vol\u00ed v\u016fdce se siln\u00fdm paranoidn\u00edm potenci\u00e1lem\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159ecitliv\u011bl\u00e9ho, podez\u0159\u00edvav\u00e9ho, agresivn\u00edho a dominantn\u00edho. Skupina hled\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u00e9ho nep\u0159\u00edtele a stmel\u00ed se proti n\u011bmu kolem v\u016fdce, ten pak pom\u00e1h\u00e1 \u010dlen\u016fm skupiny na jednu stranu prom\u00edtat agresivitu ven, na druhou stranu p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje vnitroskupinovou agresivitu na loajalitu v\u016f\u010di skupin\u011b a spole\u010dnou identitu.<\/p>\n

V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 bratrstv\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 naprostou rovnost. P\u0159esto se \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem neprom\u00edt\u00e1 do ot\u00e1zek pod\u0159\u00edzenosti: velitel roty je velitelem roty bez jak\u00fdchkoli \u201etoleranc\u00ed\u201c! Je v\u0161ak \u010dlov\u011bkem, jemu\u017e v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v\u0161ichni, kdo pod jeho velen\u00edm pln\u00ed bojov\u00e9 rozkazy. O\u00a0n\u011b\u010dem podobn\u00e9m jsem dosud jen \u010detl. Proto mohu zavolat ministrovi nejen j\u00e1, ale tak\u00e9 kdokoli od n\u00e1s. A ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u011b\u0159\u00ed jemu a sv\u00e9mu veliteli. Slou\u017eit s\u00a0takov\u00fdmi lidmi je snem ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kdo ch\u00e1pe, co je to vojensk\u00e1 slu\u017eba. Proto\u017ee ani velitel, ani ministr n\u00e1s nezaprod\u00e1.
\n<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 Z\u00e1pisky opol\u010dence<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Chrystyna Turecka<\/a>, speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro InformNapalm<\/em><\/p>\n