{"id":8076,"date":"2020-02-08T20:08:01","date_gmt":"2020-02-08T20:08:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/?p=8076"},"modified":"2020-02-09T20:33:59","modified_gmt":"2020-02-09T20:33:59","slug":"tatarstan-mlci-trpi-a-ceka-na-vhodnou-prilezitost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/tatarstan-mlci-trpi-a-ceka-na-vhodnou-prilezitost\/","title":{"rendered":"Tatarst\u00e1n ml\u010d\u00ed, trp\u00ed a \u010dek\u00e1 na vhodnou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em>Na v\u00fdchod\u011b evropsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti Rusk\u00e9 federace le\u017e\u00ed historick\u00e1 oblast <a href=\"https:\/\/prometheus.ngo\/%d1%96%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bb%d1%8c-%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bb-%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%bb%d1%8f%d1%87%d0%b8%d0%b9-%d0%b2%d1%83%d0%bb%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%bd-%d1%80%d0%be%d1%81%d1%96%d1%97\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Idel-Ural<\/a>, kter\u00e1 z\u00edskala n\u00e1zev po p\u016fvodn\u00edch obyvatel\u00edch Povol\u017e\u00ed. Tento region tvo\u0159\u00ed \u0161est zem\u00ed: Erziansko-Mok\u0161ansko (Mordvinsko), \u010cuva\u0161sko, Marij El (Marijsko), Tatarst\u00e1n, Udmurtsko a Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1n (Ba\u0161kirsko), kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed sv\u00e9bytnou kulturu. Ugrofinsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody Erzjan\u00e9, Mok\u0161an\u00e9, Marijci a Udmurtov\u00e9 \u017eij\u00ed vedle sv\u00fdch turkick\u00fdch soused\u016f \u010cuva\u0161\u016f, Tatar\u016f a Ba\u0161kir\u016f. Zem\u011b Idel-Uralu jsou od sousedn\u00edch rusk\u00fdch region\u016f natolik odli\u0161n\u00e9, \u017ee Moskva ka\u017ed\u00e9 z\u00a0nich dokonce p\u0159iznala postaven\u00ed republiky s\u00a0vlastn\u00ed \u00fastavou, \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem a spr\u00e1vn\u00edmi org\u00e1ny. Dnes v\u0161ak jsou v\u0161echny tyto republikov\u00e9 atributy zredukov\u00e1ny na pouhou kulisu, kter\u00e1 zakr\u00fdv\u00e1 tvrdou centralizaci a pod\u0159\u00edzenost Moskv\u011b.<\/em><\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Navzdory tot\u00e1ln\u00ed kontrole nad ve\u0161ker\u00fdmi formami politick\u00fdch a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch aktivit domorod\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 Idel-Uralu snahy o\u00a0uplatn\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00fdch pr\u00e1v nevzd\u00e1vaj\u00ed, i jejich n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed i p\u0159es \u0161\u00edlen\u00fd tlak st\u00e1le funguj\u00ed. Idel-Ural z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pozoruhodn\u00fdm faktorem v\u00a0geopolitice, kter\u00fd se m\u016f\u017ee projevit p\u0159ed tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nov\u00fdch politick\u00fdch turbulenc\u00ed. A permanentn\u00ed protesty p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee Rusk\u00e1 federace nen\u00ed tak jednolit\u00e1, jak se sna\u017e\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159it.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>P\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00edme <a href=\"https:\/\/prometheus.ngo\/%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%80%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%bd-%d0%bc%d0%be%d0%b2%d1%87%d0%b8%d1%82%d1%8c-%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%bf%d0%b8%d1%82%d1%8c-%d1%87%d0%b5%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%94-%d1%81%d0%bb%d1%83%d1%88\/?fbclid=IwAR2gmCZeENeJbVHVaDO-8OBewe-ojVfhQ3-LxJ07whOcX5FFEeFrSLRokgQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek<\/a> k\u00a0t\u00e9matu od analytika z\u00a0centra Prometheus <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pavlo.podobed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pavla Podobjeda<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Lednov\u00e1 publikace z\u00a0pera politologa Janusze Bugajsk\u00e9ho \u201e\u0158\u00edzen\u00fd rozpad Ruska\u201c, kter\u00e1 vy\u0161la tiskem v\u00a0americk\u00e9m listu The Hill, zp\u016fsobila mezi Rusy neurotick\u00e9 pozdvi\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u010cl\u00e1nek byl prohl\u00e1\u0161en za margin\u00e1ln\u00ed, ba dokonce za sm\u011b\u0161n\u00fd. Do komentov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eBugajsk\u00e9ho blouzn\u011bn\u00ed\u201c se pustily RIA Novosti, Rambler, dokonce i rusk\u00e1 st\u00e1tn\u00ed televize, kter\u00e1 v\u011bnovala \u201emargin\u00e1ln\u00edm bl\u00e1bol\u016fm americk\u00e9ho listu\u201c cel\u00fd po\u0159ad.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 655px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/645x426\/Apr2019\/227687.jpg\" width=\"645\" height=\"426\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00fd koncert ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed akce Min Tatar\u010da s\u04e9ilj\u04e9\u0161\u04d9m!\u201c (\u201eKomunikuji tatarsky&#8221;). Kaza\u0148, 2016<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>T\u00e9ma jednoty Ruska za\u010dalo b\u00fdt ve zdej\u0161\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00edch zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 popul\u00e1rn\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0roce 2019. Z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny Z\u00e1padu na \u201eroz\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed Rusk\u00e9 federace\u201c odhaluj\u00ed jak cel\u00e1 ministerstva, tak jednotliv\u00ed politici, \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci nebo novin\u00e1\u0159i. Se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed horlivost\u00ed pracuj\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed zdroje v\u00a0etnick\u00fdch republik\u00e1ch. T\u0159eba jedno z\u00a0mordvinsk\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed ned\u00e1vno zve\u0159ejnilo \u010dl\u00e1nek s\u00a0titulkem \u201eUgrofinsk\u00e9 a turkick\u00e9 n\u00e1rody Ruska si cen\u00ed jednoty zem\u011b\u201c. Kremelsk\u00e1 propaganda nejen\u017ee n\u00e1ru\u017eiv\u011b uji\u0161\u0165uje ob\u010dany ohledn\u011b hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 stability federace, ale tak\u00e9 se je sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit, \u017ee k\u00a0osamostatn\u011bn\u00ed etnick\u00fdch republik neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady.<\/p>\n<p>Ukrajinci vn\u00edmaj\u00ed osamostatn\u011bn\u00ed rusk\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prizmatem Severn\u00edho Kavkazu. Pr\u00e1v\u011b \u010ce\u010densko, Ingu\u0161sko a Dagest\u00e1n toti\u017e nej\u010dast\u011bji zmi\u0148uj\u00ed rusk\u00e1 a sv\u011btov\u00e1 m\u00e9dia v\u00a0kontextu separatistick\u00fdch hnut\u00ed. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed federace v\u0161ak jsou i dal\u0161\u00ed subjekty s\u00a0dost v\u00fdraznou histori\u00ed boje o\u00a0samostatnost, nezanedbateln\u00fdmi hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi a demografick\u00fdmi p\u0159edpoklady pro odd\u011blen\u00ed od Ruska. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0t\u011bchto subjekt\u016f je sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed, bohat\u00fd a ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se sousedy celkem vysp\u011bl\u00fd Tatarst\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<h2>Poloha Tatarst\u00e1nu<\/h2>\n<p>Idel-Ural, neboli Povol\u017e\u00ed je \u00fazem\u00ed, kde se st\u0159et\u00e1vaj\u00ed a aktivn\u011b spolup\u016fsob\u00ed dva sv\u011bty, turkick\u00fd a ugrofinsk\u00fd. I p\u0159es odli\u0161n\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a kulturn\u00ed tradice vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 interakce turkick\u00fdch a ugrofinsk\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f nezp\u016fsobuje jejich ost\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed konfrontaci ani izolacionistick\u00e9 n\u00e1lady. Sp\u00ed\u0161e naopak m\u016f\u017eeme ozna\u010dit Idel-Ural za ucelen\u00fd prostor, kter\u00fd po dlouh\u00e1 stolet\u00ed uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 identitu tituln\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f, odol\u00e1v\u00e1 rusifikaci a rozmaz\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed etnick\u00fdch, jazykov\u00fdch a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch mez\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edmu dni jsou v\u0161echny republiky Idel-Uralu subjekty Rusk\u00e9 federace a le\u017e\u00ed ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Evropy. Nejz\u00e1padn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zem\u00ed regionu je Erzjansko-Mok\u0161ansko (Mordvinsk\u00e1 republika). Vzd\u00e1lenost mezi z\u00e1padn\u00ed hranic\u00ed Mordvinska a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed hranic\u00ed Ukrajiny je cca 500\u00a0km. V\u00fdchodn\u011b od Idel-Uralu le\u017e\u00ed Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1n (Ba\u0161kirsko), nejv\u00fdchodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed evropsk\u00e1 zem\u011b. Celkov\u00e1 rozloha Idel-Uralu je 320.708\u00a0km<sup>2<\/sup>. V\u00a0republik\u00e1ch Idel-Uralu \u017eije 12.189.127\u00a0osob. Rozlohou je tedy Idel-Ural srovnateln\u00fd s\u00a0Polskem (312.685\u00a0km<sup>2<\/sup>) a populac\u00ed s\u00a0\u010ceskou republikou (10.741.165\u00a0osob).<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2019\/09\/19-09-23-%D0%A3%D0%A2-2-11-1024x722.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2019\/09\/19-09-23-%D0%A3%D0%A2-2-11-1024x722.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"722\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mapa Idel-Uralu<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>V\u00a0letech 1919 a\u017e 1925 m\u011bl Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1n a tud\u00ed\u017e i cel\u00fd Idel-Ural spole\u010dnou hranici s\u00a0Kirgizskou ASSR (tak se tehdy jmenoval Kazachst\u00e1n). Nicm\u00e9n\u011b ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1925 bol\u0161evick\u00fd re\u017eim Orenburskou gubernii sov\u011btsk\u00e9mu Kazachst\u00e1nu vzal a p\u0159i\u010dlenil ji k\u00a0RSFSR. Hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Kazachst\u00e1nu p\u0159es\u00eddlilo z\u00a0Orenburgu do dne\u0161n\u00ed Kyzylordy (do roku 1936 se republika jmenovala Kaza\u0161sk\u00e1 ASSR). Takto vznikl Orenbursk\u00fd koridor, kter\u00fd dv\u011b turkick\u00e9 republiky rozd\u011blil. Ze za\u010d\u00e1tku byl koridor odd\u011bluj\u00edc\u00ed Kazachst\u00e1n od Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1nu \u0161irok\u00fd sotva 30\u00a0km. Obavy z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9ho \u201ep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed\u201c mezi Ba\u0161kiry a Kazachy p\u0159im\u011bly Moskvu n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t \u201eupravit hranice\u201c. V\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku se koridor roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dvojn\u00e1sobek. K\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edmu dni republiky Idel-Uralu nemaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm hranic\u00edm Ruska s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee vzd\u00e1lenost mezi ji\u017en\u00ed hranic\u00ed Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1nu a ji\u017en\u00ed hranic\u00ed Kazachst\u00e1nu \u010din\u00ed cca 50\u00a0km.<\/p>\n<h2>V\u00fdznam Tatarst\u00e1nu pro region<\/h2>\n<p>V zem\u011bpisn\u00e9m st\u0159edu Idel-Uralu le\u017e\u00ed Tatarst\u00e1n. Tato republika bohat\u00e1 na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje v\u017edy usilovala nejen o hospod\u00e1\u0159skou, ale i o politickou sob\u011bsta\u010dnost. P\u0159esto\u017ee tatarsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod u\u017e p\u016flstolet\u00ed funguje v \u00fatrob\u00e1ch Moskovie (dnes Rusk\u00e9 federace), vol\u017e\u0161t\u00ed Tata\u0159i nejen\u017ee nep\u0159i\u0161li o svou identitu, ale dokonce ud\u00e1vaj\u00ed sm\u011br sv\u00fdm soused\u016fm. Tata\u0159i dos\u00e1hli \u00factyhodn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f v rozvoji kultury: prvn\u00ed tatarsk\u00e1 kniha spat\u0159ila sv\u011btlo sv\u011bta v roce 1612 (\u0161lo o gramatiku tatarsk\u00e9ho jazyka). Ze samotn\u00e9 Kazan\u011b se stalo v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vydavatelsk\u00e9 centrum v r\u00e1mci Rusk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Vych\u00e1zely tu knihy nejen v tatar\u0161tin\u011b, ale i v jazyc\u00edch t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech n\u00e1rod\u016f Idel-Uralu. Jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch krok\u016f svrchovan\u00e9ho Tatarst\u00e1nu ji\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tkem 1990. let bylo z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nakladatelstv\u00ed tatarsk\u00fdch knih M\u04d9garif (Osv\u011bta), kter\u00e9 za necel\u00fdch t\u0159i desetilet\u00ed sv\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed vydalo na p\u016fldruh\u00e9ho tis\u00edce knih o celkov\u00e9m n\u00e1kladu 18.500.000 v\u00fdtisk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Dnes vedle republikov\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f pracuj\u00ed na upevn\u011bn\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9 v\u011bdy a kultury po\u010detn\u00ed dobrovoln\u00edci. Do tatar\u0161tiny se p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 nejen klasika sv\u011btov\u00e9 literatury (zejm\u00e9na tak\u00e9 spisy antick\u00fdch filozof\u016f), ale i modern\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 studie z\u00a0fyziky, matematiky, l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed, astronomie apod. S\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee tatar\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ekladatel\u00e9 nepracuj\u00ed a\u017e tolik s\u00a0ru\u0161tinou, jako s\u00a0angli\u010dtinou a ture\u010dtinou. B\u011bhem posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika let vznikly des\u00edtky videop\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek TED p\u0159elo\u017een\u00fdch do tatar\u0161tiny. Existuj\u00ed dokonce i p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky pro programov\u00e1n\u00ed sepsan\u00e9 v\u00a0tatar\u0161tin\u011b\u00a0\u2013 jde o\u00a0\u00farove\u0148 nedosa\u017eitelnou pro v\u011bt\u0161inu domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f RF.<\/p>\n<p>Tak p\u016fsobiv\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011bchy ve v\u011bci rozvoje a zachov\u00e1n\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9 kultury by nebyly mo\u017en\u00e9 bez v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edch a finan\u010dn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Z\u00e1rukou tatarsk\u00e9 rezistence v\u016f\u010di asimila\u010dn\u00edm proces\u016fm je \u0159ada n\u00e1rodn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed: ne\u00fastupnost, sv\u00e9hlavost, podnikavost a v\u011brnost isl\u00e1mu v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1rodn\u00edch zvyk\u016f. Tatarsk\u00e9 infrastrukturn\u00ed, vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed projekty, ostatn\u011b stejn\u011b jako vyhandrkovan\u00e1 p\u0159i n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00edch s\u00a0Moskvou okle\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 autonomie ve sf\u00e9\u0159e humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed politiky tak\u00e9 plynou z\u00a0v\u00fdznamu Tatarst\u00e1nu pro hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed RF. Tato republika se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b za\u0159azuje mezi TOP 10 hospod\u00e1\u0159sky nejvysp\u011blej\u0161\u00edch subjekt\u016f st\u00e1tu. Tatarst\u00e1n je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm centrem v\u00a0odv\u011btv\u00ed t\u011b\u017eby a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed ropy, v\u00fdroby letadel, v\u00fdvoje komunika\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, v\u00fdroby v\u00fdbu\u0161nin, stroj\u016f a automobil\u016f. Na \u00fazem\u00ed republiky se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 pro Rusko infrastrukturn\u00ed objekty: ropovody, plynovody, dv\u011b mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed leti\u0161t\u011b, \u017eeleznice, mosty p\u0159es Volhu a Svijagu. Tatarst\u00e1n je infrastrukturn\u00edm logistick\u00fdm st\u0159edem regionu Idel-Ural.<\/p>\n<h2>Tatarsk\u00e1 cesta ke st\u00e1tnosti<\/h2>\n<p>Po dlouh\u00e1 stolet\u00ed se rusk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da sna\u017eila neutralizovat snahy Tatar\u016f o\u00a0obnovu vlastn\u00edho st\u00e1tn\u00edho projektu zapojov\u00e1n\u00edm tohoto poroben\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda do spr\u00e1vy a budov\u00e1n\u00ed Ruska (Rusk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, pak SSSR a nakonec RF). Gorba\u010dovova p\u0159estavba v\u0161ak u\u00a0Tatar\u016f op\u011bt probudila touhu po obnoven\u00ed st\u00e1tnosti. V\u00a0letech 1988 a\u017e 1990 v\u00a0Tatarst\u00e1nu vznikaj\u00ed a rychle se rozv\u00edjej\u00ed nekontrolovan\u00e9 z\u00a0Moskvy politick\u00e9 strany, ob\u010dansk\u00e1 sdru\u017een\u00ed a hnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Politick\u00e9 pole Tatarst\u00e1nu v 1990. letech m\u016f\u017eeme rozd\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed pomysln\u00fdch skupin: provl\u00e1dn\u00ed s\u00edly (sdru\u017eovaly se kolem strany Jednota a pokrok), demokratick\u00e1 opozice (rusk\u00e9 celost\u00e1tn\u00ed politick\u00e9 strany) a tatarsk\u00e1 opozice (nacionalist\u00e9 a tatar\u0161t\u00ed komunist\u00e9). Tatarsk\u00e9 nacionalistick\u00e9 s\u00edly vyzn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed ideu samostatnosti jejich republiky byly zastoupeny Tatarsk\u00fdm ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm centrem (obdoba ukrajinsk\u00e9ho N\u00e1rodn\u00edho hnut\u00ed za p\u0159estavbu), Tatarskou stranou n\u00e1rodn\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti Ittifak (soulad), isl\u00e1mskou stranou \u04d8met (nad\u011bje), lidov\u011b demokratickou stranou Vatan (vlast) a ml\u00e1de\u017enickou politickou organizac\u00ed Azatlyk (svoboda). Tyto strany a ob\u010dansk\u00e1 sdru\u017een\u00ed byly v opozici v\u016f\u010di republikov\u00e9 a feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 624px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/614xX\/Apr2019\/227688.jpg\" width=\"614\" height=\"397\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Den pam\u00e1tky v Tatarst\u00e1nu (uct\u011bn\u00ed obr\u00e1nc\u016f Kazani, kte\u0159\u00ed padli v boji s arm\u00e1dou Ivana Hrozn\u00e9ho p\u0159i \u00fatoku na m\u011bsto v roce 1552). Demonstranti dr\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1pis \u201eSt\u00e1tn\u00ed nez\u00e1vislost Tatarst\u00e1nu!\u201c \u0158\u00edjen 1991 Foto: Nuruli Garif z archivu Azatlik Radios<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Tatarst\u00e1n jako prvn\u00ed z\u00a0republik Idel-Uralu vyhl\u00e1sil deklaraci o\u00a0st\u00e1tn\u00ed svrchovanosti (30.\u00a08.\u00a01990) a jako prvn\u00ed dal najevo \u00famysl st\u00e1t se samostatn\u00fdm st\u00e1tem. V\u00a0roce 1991 se v\u00a0RSFSR konaly prezidentsk\u00e9 volby a v\u00a0Tatarst\u00e1nu z\u00e1rove\u0148 tak\u00e9 volby prezidenta Tatarst\u00e1nu. Radik\u00e1ln\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9 kruhy s\u00a0podporou ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed Kazan\u011b rozjely kampa\u0148 pro bojkot voleb rusk\u00e9ho prezidenta na \u00fazem\u00ed republiky. T\u011bch se ostatn\u011b z\u00fa\u010dastnilo jen 36,6\u00a0% tatarsk\u00fdch voli\u010d\u016f, zat\u00edmco voleb prezidenta Tatarst\u00e1nu 65\u00a0%. Boris Jelcin z\u00edskal v\u00a0Tatarst\u00e1nu 16,5\u00a0% hlas\u016f a Mintimer \u0160ajmijev 44,8\u00a0%.<\/p>\n<p>Tatarsk\u00e1 stranick\u00e1 nomenklatura se ze za\u010d\u00e1tku sna\u017eila nov\u00fdch politick\u00fdch hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f nev\u0161\u00edmat. Pozd\u011bji se komunistick\u00fd stranick\u00fd apar\u00e1t Tatarst\u00e1nu pokusil vyu\u017e\u00edt n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed pro hru \u201ena p\u0159etahovanou\u201c s\u00a0Moskvou tak, \u017ee stra\u0161il Kreml mo\u017enost\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchodu k\u00a0moci nacionalist\u016f, s\u00a0nimi\u017e dialog nebude mo\u017en\u00fd. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0prosinci 1991 se postaven\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hnut\u00ed zastoupen\u00e9ho p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Tatarsk\u00fdm ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm centrem a stranou Ittifak znateln\u011b upevnilo. Nacionalist\u00e9 dok\u00e1zali z\u00edskat do sv\u00fdch \u0159ad m\u011bstskou tatarskou inteligenci, naj\u00edt zdroje financov\u00e1n\u00ed (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed tatarsk\u00fdch podnikatel\u016f), vy\u0161kolit vedouc\u00ed pracovn\u00edky na r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch, vybudovat distribuovan\u00e9 stranick\u00e9 struktury a zah\u00e1jit silnou propaga\u010dn\u00ed kampa\u0148.<\/p>\n<p>Dne 24.\u00a0\u0159\u00edjna 1991 vyhl\u00e1sil Tatarst\u00e1n samostatn\u00fd st\u00e1t. Nez\u00e1vislost republiky potvrdilo referendum v\u00a0roce 1992. Zanedlouho Tatarst\u00e1n odm\u00edtl podepsat feder\u00e1ln\u00ed smlouvu a schv\u00e1lil dokonce vlastn\u00ed \u00fastavu, kter\u00e1 zakotvovala p\u0159ednost z\u00e1kon\u016f Tatarst\u00e1nu p\u0159ed z\u00e1kony RF. Na podzim 1993 prezident Tatarst\u00e1nu Mintimer \u0160ajmijev podrobil tvrd\u00e9 kritice n\u00e1vrh nov\u00e9 rusk\u00e9 \u00fastavy, jeho\u017e ustanoven\u00ed byla v\u00a0rozporu s\u00a0\u00fastavou Tatarst\u00e1nu. Koncem t\u00e9ho\u017e roku se Tatarst\u00e1n odm\u00edtl z\u00fa\u010dastnit voleb rusk\u00fdch zastupitelsk\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f, a sice Rady federace a St\u00e1tn\u00ed dumy (k\u00a0volb\u00e1m p\u0159i\u0161lo pouh\u00fdch 14\u00a0% obyvatel republiky).<\/p>\n<p>A\u017e do za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1994 se Tatarst\u00e1n sna\u017eil v\u00e9st nez\u00e1vislou politiku, kdy udr\u017eoval rovnov\u00e1hu mezi konceptem \u00fapln\u00e9 samostatnosti a zachov\u00e1n\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch vztah\u016f s\u00a0Ruskem. Nakonec musel \u0160ajmijev pod tlakem Moskvy ustoupit: 15.\u00a0\u00fanora 1994 byla uzav\u0159ena smlouva s\u00a0RF o\u00a0vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m delegov\u00e1n\u00ed pravomoc\u00ed, na jej\u00edm\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b se z\u00a0Tatarst\u00e1nu stal st\u00e1t p\u0159idru\u017een\u00fd k\u00a0Rusku v\u00a0konfederativn\u00edm postaven\u00ed.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 624px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/614xX\/Apr2019\/227689.jpg\" width=\"614\" height=\"409\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">M\u00edtink v p\u0159edve\u010der referenda o samostatnosti Tatarst\u00e1nu (21.3.1992). Mu\u017e dr\u017e\u00ed plak\u00e1t &#8220;Tatarstany\u04a3 kurkusyz ir-egetl\u0259re! Bezne\u04a3 uryn milli gvaridiyad\u0259!&#8221; (&#8220;Odv\u00e1\u017en\u00ed mu\u017ei Tatarst\u00e1nu, na\u0161e m\u00edsto je v N\u00e1rodn\u00ed gard\u011b!&#8221;). Tatarsk\u00e1 republika, 1992 Foto: z archivu Azatlik Radios<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Zanedlouho se \u0160ajmijev stal jednou z\u00a0nejloaj\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u016f\u010di Kremlu hlav republik. Tento politick\u00fd obrat souvisel s\u00a0dojednan\u00fdmi dohodami mezi Kazan\u00ed a Moskvou: \u0160ajmijev v\u0161emo\u017en\u011b podporoval ruskou vl\u00e1du Viktora \u010cernomyrdina, zat\u00edmco Tatarst\u00e1n z\u00edskal pro ostatn\u00ed subjekty federace nev\u00eddan\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u00falevy (n\u00edzk\u00e9 odvody do feder\u00e1ln\u00edho rozpo\u010dtu, vysok\u00fd stupe\u0148 samostatnosti p\u0159i schvalov\u00e1n\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed, p\u0159i spr\u00e1v\u011b vlastnictv\u00ed apod.). De facto Moskva na Tatarst\u00e1nu vyzkou\u0161ela politiku \u201ekupov\u00e1n\u00ed loajality\u201c, kterou pozd\u011bji uplatnila v\u00a0\u010ce\u010densku.<\/p>\n<p>Prezident \u0160ajmijev se pokusil p\u0159em\u011bnit Tatarst\u00e1n na svazov\u00fd st\u00e1t, kter\u00fd buduje sv\u00e9 vztahy s Moskvou na exkluzivn\u00edch smluvn\u00edch z\u00e1sad\u00e1ch. Mimochodem v roce 1999 Tatarst\u00e1n nebyl nad\u0161en z n\u00e1padu vytvo\u0159it svazov\u00fd st\u00e1t mezi Ruskem a B\u011bloruskem. Tuto iniciativu p\u0159ijala Kaza\u0148 dost chladn\u011b a v p\u0159edtu\u0161e mo\u017en\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty sv\u00e9ho exkluzivn\u00edho postaven\u00ed zkusila uk\u00e1zat zuby. Na podzim 1999 parlament republiky odhlasoval p\u0159echod tatar\u0161tiny na latinku. Toto rozhodnut\u00ed zp\u016fsobilo nefal\u0161ovanou hysterii v Moskv\u011b.<\/p>\n<h2>Na co spol\u00e9hala Kaza\u0148?<\/h2>\n<p>\u0160ajmijev doufal, \u017ee v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u00fdznam Tatarst\u00e1nu a vliv tatarsk\u00e9 komunity v\u00a0republice a celkem v\u00a0RF umo\u017en\u00ed \u201edohodnout se s\u00a0Moskvou na zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch\u201c. Tatarsk\u00fd prezident aktivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edval nacionalistick\u00e9 opozice jako stra\u0161\u00e1ka pro Moskvy, i je nutno \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee tento postup n\u011bjakou dobu fungoval. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b to \u0160ajmijev pon\u011bkud p\u0159ehnal: za pomoci siln\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00e9 ma\u0161in\u00e9rie a v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9ho volebn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu byla z\u00a0tatarsk\u00e9ho parlamentu prakticky vytla\u010dena opozice\u00a0\u2013 jak rusk\u00e1, tak tatarsk\u00e1. Cel\u00e9 tatarsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed se tak u\u017e v\u00a0druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 1990.\u00a0let stalo hnut\u00edm mimoparlamentn\u00edm, i jedin\u00fdm prostorem pro jeho aktivity z\u016fstala ulice.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e se k\u00a0moci dostal Vladimir Putin, nabral Kreml sm\u011br tvrd\u00e9 centralizace. Prvn\u00edmi ob\u011b\u0165mi t\u00e9to politiky se staly ty nejbohat\u0161\u00ed a nejsamostatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed subjekty federace, v\u00a0prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b Tatarst\u00e1n. U\u017e v\u00a0roce 1998 bylo pro obvin\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0podn\u011bcov\u00e1n\u00ed mezietnick\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0161ti zastaveno vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed opozi\u010dn\u00edho tatarsk\u00e9ho listu Altyn urda. N\u011bjakou dobu pak vych\u00e1zel v\u00a0samizdatu, ne\u017e ho \u00fa\u0159ady zak\u00e1zaly \u00fapln\u011b. V\u00a0roce 1999 se tatar\u0161t\u00ed nacionalist\u00e9 pokusili o\u00a0spojenectv\u00ed s\u00a0tatarsk\u00fdmi komunisty a rusk\u00fdmi demokraty v\u00a0z\u00e1jmu spole\u010dn\u00e9ho boje proti \u0160ajmijevovi. Tatarsk\u00e1 pravice vyhl\u00e1sila politickou hladovku, aby dos\u00e1hla zm\u011bny volebn\u00ed legislativy. Tato kampa\u0148 v\u0161ak nep\u0159inesla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek. V\u00a0roce 2001 byla v\u00a0Rusku na legislativn\u00ed \u00farovni zak\u00e1z\u00e1na \u010dinnost etnick\u00fdch stran. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku soudn\u00edch perzekuc\u00ed a tlaku tajn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb zanikla po\u010detn\u00e1 ob\u010dansk\u00e1 sdru\u017een\u00ed a hnut\u00ed domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, zejm\u00e9na v\u0161echny tatarsk\u00e9 strany a nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9 organizace. V\u00a0letech 1999 a\u017e 2005 Kreml ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bl zm\u011bny \u00fastavy Tatarst\u00e1nu, aby ji \u201euvedl do souladu s\u00a0\u00fastavou RF\u201c. Z\u00a0\u00fastavy republiky tak zmizely zm\u00ednky o\u00a0navazov\u00e1n\u00ed vztah\u016f s\u00a0ciz\u00edmi st\u00e1ty, o\u00a0z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed banky apod.<\/p>\n<p>Tatarsk\u00e9 elity se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouho konej\u0161ily zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm postaven\u00edm, zat\u00edmco Moskva va\u0159ila oponenta \u201epomal\u00fdm varem\u201c. Nov\u00fd prezident republiky Rustam Minichanov, kter\u00fd nastoupil do \u00fa\u0159adu v\u00a0roce 2010, pokra\u010doval v\u00a0politice sv\u00e9ho p\u0159edch\u016fdce: loajalita v\u00fdm\u011bnou za omezenou autonomii. Probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edval v\u00a0tom, \u017ee do roku 2010 se Tatarst\u00e1n p\u0159enechal Moskv\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 celou svou svrchovanost, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zanikl i p\u0159edm\u011bt pro \u201esmlouv\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c s\u00a0Ruskem. Zb\u00fdvalo jen platit, i Tatarst\u00e1n platil. Republika zvy\u0161ovala rozsah odvod\u016f do feder\u00e1ln\u00edho rozpo\u010dtu, proto musela nav\u00fd\u0161it i t\u011b\u017ebu ropy.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 624px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/614xX\/Apr2019\/227692.jpg\" width=\"614\" height=\"345\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tramsparent &#8220;Kremlin kills native nations!&#8221; (Kreml zab\u00edj\u00ed domorod\u00e9 n\u00e1rody!) um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd aktivisty ze Svobodn\u00e9ho Idel-Uralu u vstupu na olympijsk\u00fd stadion v Kyjev\u011b 26. kv\u011btna 2018 v den fin\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u00e1pasu Ligy mistr\u016f<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>P\u0159esto\u017ee v\u00a0obdob\u00ed vysp\u011bl\u00e9ho putinismu se z\u00a0Ruska s\u00a0kone\u010dnou platnost\u00ed stal unit\u00e1rn\u00ed st\u00e1t, symbolick\u00e9 projevy federalismu se vymycuj\u00ed dodnes. V\u00a0roce 2017 Kreml odm\u00edtl prodlou\u017eit smlouvu o\u00a0rozd\u011blen\u00ed pravomoc\u00ed mezi RF a Tatarst\u00e1nem (tato smlouva byla chloubou jak \u0160ajmijeva, tak Minnichanova), a v\u00a0roce 2018 tatar\u0161tina de facto p\u0159i\u0161la o\u00a0funkci \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edho jazyka republiky zru\u0161en\u00edm jej\u00ed povinn\u00e9 v\u00fduky na \u0161kol\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<h2>Tatarsk\u00fd odboj v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch Putinova Ruska<\/h2>\n<p>Rusko soustavn\u011b a vytrvale pracuje na asimilaci velk\u00fdch domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f a na p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b etnick\u00fdch republik v\u00a0oby\u010dejn\u00e9 oblasti. Realizace tohoto z\u00e1m\u011bru prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00a0n\u011bkolika rovin\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00fazemn\u011bspr\u00e1vn\u00ed: rok co rok je samostatnost republik omezov\u00e1na p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm spr\u00e1vn\u00edch pravomoc\u00ed celost\u00e1tn\u00edm feder\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fa\u0159ad\u016fm.<\/li>\n<li>finan\u010dn\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9: putinovsk\u00fdm modelem jednoty Ruska je br\u00e1t pen\u00edze bohat\u0161\u00edm subjekt\u016fm Rusk\u00e9 federace a d\u00e1vat je t\u011bm chud\u0161\u00edm. Pr\u00e1v\u011b to vlastn\u011b dr\u017e\u00ed st\u00e1t pohromad\u011b. \u201eJak byste p\u0159e\u017eili bez na\u0161\u00ed pomoci?\u201c je \u010dasto posledn\u00edm argumentem Kremlu v\u00a0debat\u011b o\u00a0samostatn\u00e9 budoucnosti republik. Nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee dotovan\u00fdch region\u016f je \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edc. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b dokonce i soused\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0Tatarst\u00e1nem Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1n, pr\u016fmyslov\u011b vysp\u011bl\u00e1 a sob\u011bsta\u010dn\u00e1 republika.<\/li>\n<li>kulturn\u011b identick\u00e9: Moskva jasn\u011b vykreslila r\u00e1mec, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e mohou existovat domorod\u00e9 n\u00e1rody a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed republiky\u00a0\u2013 je to tradi\u010dn\u00ed kuchyn\u011b, lidov\u00e9 kroje a sborov\u00fd zp\u011bv. Jak\u00e9koli projevy sob\u011bsta\u010dnosti jsou n\u00e1lepkov\u00e1ny jako extr\u00e9mismus a rusofobie. Celost\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady p\u0159evzaly kontrolu nad ve\u0161ker\u00fdmi sf\u00e9rami \u017eivota domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi organizacemi po\u010d\u00ednaje a strukturami v\u00a0diaspo\u0159e mimo RF kon\u010de.<\/li>\n<li>mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed: Rusko si velmi dob\u0159e uv\u011bdomuje, co p\u0159edstavuje hlavn\u00ed hrozbu pro jeho \u00fazemn\u00ed integritu\u00a0\u2013 jsou to etnick\u00e9 republiky, regionalistick\u00e1 hnut\u00ed a salafistick\u00e9 proudy v\u00a0isl\u00e1mu. Ozbrojen\u00e9 salafistick\u00e9 podzem\u00ed se poda\u0159ilo fyzicky zlikvidovat nebo pozav\u00edrat. Naproti tomu skoncovat s\u00a0etnick\u00fdmi republikami nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9\u00a0\u2013 jsou institucializov\u00e1ny ji\u017e od sov\u011btsk\u00fdch dob. Vedle Severn\u00edho Kavkazu hlavn\u00ed bolest hlavy p\u016fsob\u00ed region Idel-Ural, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Tatarst\u00e1n. Soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s\u00a0odeb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm zbytk\u016f samostatnosti etnick\u00fdm republik\u00e1m Moskva podporuje m\u00e1lo po\u010detn\u00e9 n\u00e1rody, kter\u00e9 Rusko nijak neohro\u017euj\u00ed. P\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0I\u017eorce nebo S\u00e1my se mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu spole\u010denstv\u00ed serv\u00edruje jako \u201ed\u016fsledn\u00e1 politika zachov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed etnick\u00e9 a kulturn\u00ed pestrosti Ruska\u201c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"width: 624px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/614xX\/Apr2019\/227690.jpg\" width=\"614\" height=\"461\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">V\u016fdci tatarsk\u00e9 ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00e9 organizace Azatlyk proti tlaku FSB a ministerstva vnitra na jejich aktivisty. Kaza\u0148, 2013. Foto: Tatarsk\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 centrum<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Dokonce i v\u00a0t\u011bchto nesnadn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch tatarsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed nejen\u017ee p\u0159e\u017eilo, ale tak\u00e9 hled\u00e1 nov\u00e9 formy a metody boje. Nejen propagandist\u00e9 samostatn\u00e9ho tatarsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, ale i oby\u010dejn\u00ed ob\u010dan\u0161t\u00ed aktivist\u00e9 se octli v\u00a0postaven\u00ed disident\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>\u201eTatar milli ch\u04d9r\u04d9k\u04d9te\u201c (tatarsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed) dnes u\u017e nen\u00ed masov\u00e9 ani organizovan\u00e9. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 vzr\u016fst\u00e1 role mor\u00e1ln\u00edch autorit a jednotliv\u00fdch odv\u00e1\u017elivc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed nemaj\u00ed v pozad\u00ed mnohotis\u00edcov\u00e9 demonstrace, maj\u00ed v\u0161ak sympatie a podporu p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161liv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti tatarsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Mezi tyto osobnosti pat\u0159\u00ed spisovatelka, v\u016fdkyn\u011b dnes ileg\u00e1ln\u00ed Tatarsk\u00e9 strany n\u00e1rodn\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti Ittifak Fauzija Bajramovov\u00e1; politick\u00fd emigrant a zakladatel ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed Svobodn\u00fd Idel-Ural Rafis Ka\u0161apov; l\u00edd\u0159i ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00e9 vlasteneck\u00e9 organizace Azatlyk Nail Nabiullin a Batyrchan Agzamov; zn\u00e1m\u00fd tatarsk\u00fd publicista Ruslan Ajsin.<\/p>\n<p>Na ja\u0159e 2018 skupina politick\u00fdch emigrant\u016f ozn\u00e1mila na Ukrajin\u011b zalo\u017een\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed Svobodn\u00fd Idel-Ural, kter\u00e9 deklaruje nen\u00e1siln\u00fd boj za z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed samostatnosti pro \u0161est republik v\u00a0Povol\u017e\u00ed. Jeden z\u00a0p\u0159ed\u00e1k\u016f Svobodn\u00e9ho Idel-Uralu pob\u00fdv\u00e1 na \u00fazem\u00ed Ukrajiny. Tato organizace vyvinula dost aktivn\u00ed \u010dinnost nejen na jej\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 v\u00a0zem\u00edch Britsk\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed a Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech americk\u00fdch. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci hnut\u00ed informuj\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed o\u00a0poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f Ruska, vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch podcasty zpr\u00e1v o\u00a0Idel-Uralu a o\u00a0politick\u00e9 situaci ve sv\u011bt\u011b, v\u011bnuj\u00ed se lidskopr\u00e1vn\u00edm aktivit\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 624px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/614xX\/Apr2019\/227691.jpg\" width=\"614\" height=\"471\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zakladatel\u00e9 hnut\u00ed Svobodn\u00fd Idel-Ural. Zleva: Syres Boljaje\u0148 (Erzjan), Rostyslav Marty\u0148uk (Ukrajinec, \u010dlen kyjevsk\u00e9ho spolku Erzja\u0148 Val), Rafis Ka\u0161apov (Tatar), Ilmir Imajev (Tatar). Kyjev, 21. b\u0159ezna 2018<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u010cinnost Svobodn\u00e9ho Idel-Uralu v\u0161ak narazila na \u0159adu probl\u00e9m\u016f. Hlavn\u00edm z\u00a0nich podle erzjansk\u00e9ho aktivisty Syrese Boljajen\u011b je, \u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed nepodporuje n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed hnut\u00ed domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, ale ruskou opozici. I ukrajin\u0161t\u00ed politici dodnes spojuj\u00ed budoucnost rusko-ukrajinsk\u00fdch vztah\u016f s\u00a0Alexejem Navaln\u00fdm, nikoli se separatisty. Vypad\u00e1 to, \u017ee bez zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00e9ho ponau\u010den\u00ed z\u00a0Chicken Kiev speech se Z\u00e1pad ani Ukrajina k\u00a0\u201e\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9mu rozpadu Ruska\u201c neodv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Informace o\u00a0CVBP Prometheus<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prometheusngo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CVBP Prometheus<\/a><\/strong> (Centrum pro v\u00fdzkum bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed) je ukrajinsk\u00e1 nevl\u00e1dn\u00ed organizace, kter\u00e1 se v\u011bnuje studiu r\u016fzn\u00fdch str\u00e1nek hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lky Rusk\u00e9 federace proti Ukrajin\u011b. Organizace je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 v\u00a0odborn\u00fdch kruz\u00edch sv\u00fdmi jedine\u010dn\u00fdmi analytick\u00fdmi publikacemi Krym za oponou a Donbas v\u00a0plamenech. Prometheus se tak\u00e9 specializuje na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v p\u016fvodn\u00edch obyvatel a etnick\u00fdch skupin v\u00a0Rusk\u00e9 federaci.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky od InformNapalmu:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/shrnuti-informnapalmu-ocekavane-zhorseni-na-donbasu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shrnut\u00ed InformNapalmu: o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 zhor\u0161en\u00ed na Donbasu<\/a>. Rusko aktivizuje t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 d\u011blost\u0159electvo a odst\u0159elova\u010de<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/mezi-pozorovateli-obse-na-donbasu-je-vice-rusu-v-jejich-hlasenich-zaznamenany-manipulace\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mezi pozorovateli OBSE na Donbasu je v\u00edce Rus\u016f<\/a>. V\u00a0jejich hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edch zaznamen\u00e1ny manipulace<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/zastupci-puvodnich-narodu-povolzi-oznamili-zahajeni-boje-za-samostatnost\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Z\u00e1stupci p\u016fvodn\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f Povol\u017e\u00ed ozn\u00e1mili zah\u00e1jen\u00ed<\/a> boje za samostatnost<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/skytove-jako-rukojmi-rusu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Skytov\u00e9 jako rukojm\u00ed Rus\u016f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/abchazie-zalozni-plan-kremlu-v-cele-jeho-nadhere-rusky-algoritmus-od-surkovova-uradu-jak-ovladnout-cizi-stat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Abch\u00e1zie, z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed pl\u00e1n Kremlu v\u00a0cel\u00e9 jeho n\u00e1dhe\u0159e. Rusk\u00fd algoritmus od Surkovova \u00fa\u0159adu<\/a>, jak ovl\u00e1dnout ciz\u00ed st\u00e1t<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/v-kalmycku-trvaji-akce-proti-jmenovani-expredaka-dlr-starostou-metropole-video\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">V\u00a0Kalmycku trvaj\u00ed akce proti jmenov\u00e1n\u00ed exp\u0159ed\u00e1ka \u201eDLR\u201c starostou<\/a> metropole (VIDEO)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/nove-provokace-v-zone-ruske-okupace-v-gruzii-napjata-situace-na-demarkacni-care\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nov\u00e9 provokace v\u00a0z\u00f3n\u011b rusk\u00e9 okupace v\u00a0Gruzii<\/a>. Napjat\u00e1 situace na demarka\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1\u0159e<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/odsun-krymskych-tataru-dejiny-chronologie-obeti-infografika\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Odsun krymsk\u00fdch Tatar\u016f. D\u011bjiny, chronologie, ob\u011bti<\/a> (infografika)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/loutkovy-moskevsky-rezim-v-jizni-osetii-zabira-dalsi-gruzinska-uzemi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Loutkov\u00fd moskevsk\u00fd re\u017eim v\u00a0Ji\u017en\u00ed Osetii zab\u00edr\u00e1<\/a> dal\u0161\u00ed gruz\u00ednsk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/surkovleaks-part-3-rozbor-korespondence-surkovova-prvniho-namestka-inala-ardzinby\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SurkovLeaks (part\u00a03): rozbor korespondence Surkovova prvn\u00edho n\u00e1m\u011bstka<\/a> Inala Ardzinby<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/izolace-rusky-koncentrak-pro-ukrajince-uprostred-evropy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u201eIzolace\u201c: rusk\u00fd koncentr\u00e1k pro Ukrajince<\/a> uprost\u0159ed Evropy<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ruske-utocne-ofenzivni-oddily-v-blizkosti-beloruska-a-ukrajiny-klincy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rusk\u00e9 \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9 ofenzivn\u00ed odd\u00edly v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti B\u011bloruska a Ukrajiny<\/a>: Klincy<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/dobrovolnici-zverejnili-rozsahlou-interaktivni-databazi-ruske-agrese\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dobrovoln\u00edci zve\u0159ejnili rozs\u00e1hlou interaktivn\u00ed datab\u00e1zi<\/a> rusk\u00e9 agrese<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft \" src=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/12\/InformNapalm_logo_05.png\" width=\"114\" height=\"50\" \/>Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek zpracov\u00e1n speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro InformNapalm<\/em><br \/>\n<em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Creative Commons\u00a0\u2014 Attribution\u00a04.0 International\u00a0\u2014 CC BY 4.0<\/a>)<br \/>\n<strong>Sd\u00edlejte s\u00a0p\u0159\u00e1teli na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch<\/strong><\/em>.<em><br \/>\n<\/em>\u00a0Str\u00e1nka komunity InformNapalm na soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edti Facebook v\u00a0\u010de\u0161tin\u011b: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/informnapalmcesko\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InformNapalm \u010cesko<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><\/p>\n<div class=\"alert alert-success\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"close\">&#215;<\/button><br \/>\nChce\u0161 pracovat pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed komunitu InformNapalm jako dobrovoln\u00edk, nebo m\u00e1\u0161 pro n\u00e1s zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 informace? <\/em><strong><em>Napi\u0161 soukromou zpr\u00e1vu <\/em><\/strong><em>na na\u0161i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/informnapalm24\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hlavn\u00ed v\u00edcejazy\u010dnou str\u00e1nku<\/a> na Facebooku nebo na osobn\u00ed str\u00e1nku <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/burkonews\">\u0161\u00e9fredaktora<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Chce\u0161 p\u0159isp\u011bt finan\u010dn\u011b a st\u00e1t se na\u0161im filantropem, abys pomohl dobrovoln\u00edk\u016fm hradit n\u00e1klady na provoz webu? <strong>Zava\u017e se k\u00a0minip\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016fm pro InformNapalm <\/strong>p\u0159es Patreon: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/informnapalm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/informnapalm<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Chce\u0161 n\u00e1s podpo\u0159it mor\u00e1ln\u011b? <strong>Aktivn\u011b sd\u00edlej na\u0161e studie v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch, vypaluj agresora informa\u010dn\u011b spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0n\u00e1mi!<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>P\u0159eklad: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/scyhol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Svatoslav \u0160\u010dyhol<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Na v\u00fdchod\u011b evropsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti Rusk\u00e9 federace le\u017e\u00ed historick\u00e1 oblast Idel-Ural, kter\u00e1 z\u00edskala n\u00e1zev po p\u016fvodn\u00edch obyvatel\u00edch Povol\u017e\u00ed&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":78,"featured_media":8077,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,516,754,519],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality","category-all-news","category-spolecnost-all-news","category-world"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - 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InformNapalm.org (\u010ce\u0161tina)","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/tatarstan-mlci-trpi-a-ceka-na-vhodnou-prilezitost\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/tatarstan-mlci-trpi-a-ceka-na-vhodnou-prilezitost\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/02\/Tatarst\u00e1n-ml\u010d\u00ed-trp\u00ed-a-\u010dek\u00e1-na-vhodnou-p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost.jpg","datePublished":"2020-02-08T20:08:01+00:00","dateModified":"2020-02-09T20:33:59+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#\/schema\/person\/df2cf86bd5e35ae01a82d1108d3c5f51"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/tatarstan-mlci-trpi-a-ceka-na-vhodnou-prilezitost\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/tatarstan-mlci-trpi-a-ceka-na-vhodnou-prilezitost\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/tatarstan-mlci-trpi-a-ceka-na-vhodnou-prilezitost\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/02\/Tatarst\u00e1n-ml\u010d\u00ed-trp\u00ed-a-\u010dek\u00e1-na-vhodnou-p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/02\/Tatarst\u00e1n-ml\u010d\u00ed-trp\u00ed-a-\u010dek\u00e1-na-vhodnou-p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost.jpg","width":642,"height":336},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/tatarstan-mlci-trpi-a-ceka-na-vhodnou-prilezitost\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Tatarst\u00e1n ml\u010d\u00ed, trp\u00ed a \u010dek\u00e1 na vhodnou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#website","url":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/","name":"InformNapalm.org (\u010ce\u0161tina)","description":"Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy z Ukrajiny","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#\/schema\/person\/df2cf86bd5e35ae01a82d1108d3c5f51","name":"svatoslav","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0cc633af9f94c5bc8eca4c7a7bf1e1f390e89d3af1b6a34e2886692888437497?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0cc633af9f94c5bc8eca4c7a7bf1e1f390e89d3af1b6a34e2886692888437497?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"svatoslav"},"url":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/author\/svatoslav\/"}]}},"post_src":"<strong><em>Na v\u00fdchod\u011b evropsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti Rusk\u00e9 federace le\u017e\u00ed historick\u00e1 oblast <a href=\"https:\/\/prometheus.ngo\/%d1%96%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bb%d1%8c-%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bb-%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%bb%d1%8f%d1%87%d0%b8%d0%b9-%d0%b2%d1%83%d0%bb%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%bd-%d1%80%d0%be%d1%81%d1%96%d1%97\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Idel-Ural<\/a>, kter\u00e1 z\u00edskala n\u00e1zev po p\u016fvodn\u00edch obyvatel\u00edch Povol\u017e\u00ed. Tento region tvo\u0159\u00ed \u0161est zem\u00ed: Erziansko-Mok\u0161ansko (Mordvinsko), \u010cuva\u0161sko, Marij El (Marijsko), Tatarst\u00e1n, Udmurtsko a Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1n (Ba\u0161kirsko), kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed sv\u00e9bytnou kulturu. Ugrofinsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody Erzjan\u00e9, Mok\u0161an\u00e9, Marijci a Udmurtov\u00e9 \u017eij\u00ed vedle sv\u00fdch turkick\u00fdch soused\u016f \u010cuva\u0161\u016f, Tatar\u016f a Ba\u0161kir\u016f. Zem\u011b Idel-Uralu jsou od sousedn\u00edch rusk\u00fdch region\u016f natolik odli\u0161n\u00e9, \u017ee Moskva ka\u017ed\u00e9 z\u00a0nich dokonce p\u0159iznala postaven\u00ed republiky s\u00a0vlastn\u00ed \u00fastavou, \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem a spr\u00e1vn\u00edmi org\u00e1ny. Dnes v\u0161ak jsou v\u0161echny tyto republikov\u00e9 atributy zredukov\u00e1ny na pouhou kulisu, kter\u00e1 zakr\u00fdv\u00e1 tvrdou centralizaci a pod\u0159\u00edzenost Moskv\u011b.<\/em><\/strong><!--more-->\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Navzdory tot\u00e1ln\u00ed kontrole nad ve\u0161ker\u00fdmi formami politick\u00fdch a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch aktivit domorod\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 Idel-Uralu snahy o\u00a0uplatn\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00fdch pr\u00e1v nevzd\u00e1vaj\u00ed, i jejich n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed i p\u0159es \u0161\u00edlen\u00fd tlak st\u00e1le funguj\u00ed. Idel-Ural z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pozoruhodn\u00fdm faktorem v\u00a0geopolitice, kter\u00fd se m\u016f\u017ee projevit p\u0159ed tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nov\u00fdch politick\u00fdch turbulenc\u00ed. A permanentn\u00ed protesty p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee Rusk\u00e1 federace nen\u00ed tak jednolit\u00e1, jak se sna\u017e\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159it.<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>P\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00edme <a href=\"https:\/\/prometheus.ngo\/%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%80%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%bd-%d0%bc%d0%be%d0%b2%d1%87%d0%b8%d1%82%d1%8c-%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%bf%d0%b8%d1%82%d1%8c-%d1%87%d0%b5%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%94-%d1%81%d0%bb%d1%83%d1%88\/?fbclid=IwAR2gmCZeENeJbVHVaDO-8OBewe-ojVfhQ3-LxJ07whOcX5FFEeFrSLRokgQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek<\/a> k\u00a0t\u00e9matu od analytika z\u00a0centra Prometheus <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pavlo.podobed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pavla Podobjeda<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\nLednov\u00e1 publikace z\u00a0pera politologa Janusze Bugajsk\u00e9ho \u201e\u0158\u00edzen\u00fd rozpad Ruska\u201c, kter\u00e1 vy\u0161la tiskem v\u00a0americk\u00e9m listu The Hill, zp\u016fsobila mezi Rusy neurotick\u00e9 pozdvi\u017een\u00ed.\r\n\r\n\u010cl\u00e1nek byl prohl\u00e1\u0161en za margin\u00e1ln\u00ed, ba dokonce za sm\u011b\u0161n\u00fd. Do komentov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eBugajsk\u00e9ho blouzn\u011bn\u00ed\u201c se pustily RIA Novosti, Rambler, dokonce i rusk\u00e1 st\u00e1tn\u00ed televize, kter\u00e1 v\u011bnovala \u201emargin\u00e1ln\u00edm bl\u00e1bol\u016fm americk\u00e9ho listu\u201c cel\u00fd po\u0159ad.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"645\"]<img class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/645x426\/Apr2019\/227687.jpg\" width=\"645\" height=\"426\" \/> Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00fd koncert ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed akce Min Tatar\u010da s\u04e9ilj\u04e9\u0161\u04d9m!\u201c (\u201eKomunikuji tatarsky\"). Kaza\u0148, 2016[\/caption]\r\n\r\nT\u00e9ma jednoty Ruska za\u010dalo b\u00fdt ve zdej\u0161\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00edch zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 popul\u00e1rn\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0roce 2019. Z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny Z\u00e1padu na \u201eroz\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed Rusk\u00e9 federace\u201c odhaluj\u00ed jak cel\u00e1 ministerstva, tak jednotliv\u00ed politici, \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci nebo novin\u00e1\u0159i. Se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed horlivost\u00ed pracuj\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed zdroje v\u00a0etnick\u00fdch republik\u00e1ch. T\u0159eba jedno z\u00a0mordvinsk\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed ned\u00e1vno zve\u0159ejnilo \u010dl\u00e1nek s\u00a0titulkem \u201eUgrofinsk\u00e9 a turkick\u00e9 n\u00e1rody Ruska si cen\u00ed jednoty zem\u011b\u201c. Kremelsk\u00e1 propaganda nejen\u017ee n\u00e1ru\u017eiv\u011b uji\u0161\u0165uje ob\u010dany ohledn\u011b hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 stability federace, ale tak\u00e9 se je sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit, \u017ee k\u00a0osamostatn\u011bn\u00ed etnick\u00fdch republik neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady.\r\n\r\nUkrajinci vn\u00edmaj\u00ed osamostatn\u011bn\u00ed rusk\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prizmatem Severn\u00edho Kavkazu. Pr\u00e1v\u011b \u010ce\u010densko, Ingu\u0161sko a Dagest\u00e1n toti\u017e nej\u010dast\u011bji zmi\u0148uj\u00ed rusk\u00e1 a sv\u011btov\u00e1 m\u00e9dia v\u00a0kontextu separatistick\u00fdch hnut\u00ed. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed federace v\u0161ak jsou i dal\u0161\u00ed subjekty s\u00a0dost v\u00fdraznou histori\u00ed boje o\u00a0samostatnost, nezanedbateln\u00fdmi hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi a demografick\u00fdmi p\u0159edpoklady pro odd\u011blen\u00ed od Ruska. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0t\u011bchto subjekt\u016f je sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed, bohat\u00fd a ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se sousedy celkem vysp\u011bl\u00fd Tatarst\u00e1n.\r\n<h2>Poloha Tatarst\u00e1nu<\/h2>\r\nIdel-Ural, neboli Povol\u017e\u00ed je \u00fazem\u00ed, kde se st\u0159et\u00e1vaj\u00ed a aktivn\u011b spolup\u016fsob\u00ed dva sv\u011bty, turkick\u00fd a ugrofinsk\u00fd. I p\u0159es odli\u0161n\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a kulturn\u00ed tradice vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 interakce turkick\u00fdch a ugrofinsk\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f nezp\u016fsobuje jejich ost\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed konfrontaci ani izolacionistick\u00e9 n\u00e1lady. Sp\u00ed\u0161e naopak m\u016f\u017eeme ozna\u010dit Idel-Ural za ucelen\u00fd prostor, kter\u00fd po dlouh\u00e1 stolet\u00ed uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 identitu tituln\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f, odol\u00e1v\u00e1 rusifikaci a rozmaz\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed etnick\u00fdch, jazykov\u00fdch a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch mez\u00ed.\r\n\r\nK\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edmu dni jsou v\u0161echny republiky Idel-Uralu subjekty Rusk\u00e9 federace a le\u017e\u00ed ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Evropy. Nejz\u00e1padn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zem\u00ed regionu je Erzjansko-Mok\u0161ansko (Mordvinsk\u00e1 republika). Vzd\u00e1lenost mezi z\u00e1padn\u00ed hranic\u00ed Mordvinska a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed hranic\u00ed Ukrajiny je cca 500\u00a0km. V\u00fdchodn\u011b od Idel-Uralu le\u017e\u00ed Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1n (Ba\u0161kirsko), nejv\u00fdchodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed evropsk\u00e1 zem\u011b. Celkov\u00e1 rozloha Idel-Uralu je 320.708\u00a0km<sup>2<\/sup>. V\u00a0republik\u00e1ch Idel-Uralu \u017eije 12.189.127\u00a0osob. Rozlohou je tedy Idel-Ural srovnateln\u00fd s\u00a0Polskem (312.685\u00a0km<sup>2<\/sup>) a populac\u00ed s\u00a0\u010ceskou republikou (10.741.165\u00a0osob).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2019\/09\/19-09-23-%D0%A3%D0%A2-2-11-1024x722.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2019\/09\/19-09-23-%D0%A3%D0%A2-2-11-1024x722.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"722\" \/><\/a> Mapa Idel-Uralu[\/caption]\r\n\r\nV\u00a0letech 1919 a\u017e 1925 m\u011bl Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1n a tud\u00ed\u017e i cel\u00fd Idel-Ural spole\u010dnou hranici s\u00a0Kirgizskou ASSR (tak se tehdy jmenoval Kazachst\u00e1n). Nicm\u00e9n\u011b ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1925 bol\u0161evick\u00fd re\u017eim Orenburskou gubernii sov\u011btsk\u00e9mu Kazachst\u00e1nu vzal a p\u0159i\u010dlenil ji k\u00a0RSFSR. Hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Kazachst\u00e1nu p\u0159es\u00eddlilo z\u00a0Orenburgu do dne\u0161n\u00ed Kyzylordy (do roku 1936 se republika jmenovala Kaza\u0161sk\u00e1 ASSR). Takto vznikl Orenbursk\u00fd koridor, kter\u00fd dv\u011b turkick\u00e9 republiky rozd\u011blil. Ze za\u010d\u00e1tku byl koridor odd\u011bluj\u00edc\u00ed Kazachst\u00e1n od Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1nu \u0161irok\u00fd sotva 30\u00a0km. Obavy z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9ho \u201ep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed\u201c mezi Ba\u0161kiry a Kazachy p\u0159im\u011bly Moskvu n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t \u201eupravit hranice\u201c. V\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku se koridor roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dvojn\u00e1sobek. K\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edmu dni republiky Idel-Uralu nemaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm hranic\u00edm Ruska s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee vzd\u00e1lenost mezi ji\u017en\u00ed hranic\u00ed Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1nu a ji\u017en\u00ed hranic\u00ed Kazachst\u00e1nu \u010din\u00ed cca 50\u00a0km.\r\n<h2>V\u00fdznam Tatarst\u00e1nu pro region<\/h2>\r\nV zem\u011bpisn\u00e9m st\u0159edu Idel-Uralu le\u017e\u00ed Tatarst\u00e1n. Tato republika bohat\u00e1 na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje v\u017edy usilovala nejen o hospod\u00e1\u0159skou, ale i o politickou sob\u011bsta\u010dnost. P\u0159esto\u017ee tatarsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod u\u017e p\u016flstolet\u00ed funguje v \u00fatrob\u00e1ch Moskovie (dnes Rusk\u00e9 federace), vol\u017e\u0161t\u00ed Tata\u0159i nejen\u017ee nep\u0159i\u0161li o svou identitu, ale dokonce ud\u00e1vaj\u00ed sm\u011br sv\u00fdm soused\u016fm. Tata\u0159i dos\u00e1hli \u00factyhodn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f v rozvoji kultury: prvn\u00ed tatarsk\u00e1 kniha spat\u0159ila sv\u011btlo sv\u011bta v roce 1612 (\u0161lo o gramatiku tatarsk\u00e9ho jazyka). Ze samotn\u00e9 Kazan\u011b se stalo v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 vydavatelsk\u00e9 centrum v r\u00e1mci Rusk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Vych\u00e1zely tu knihy nejen v tatar\u0161tin\u011b, ale i v jazyc\u00edch t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech n\u00e1rod\u016f Idel-Uralu. Jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch krok\u016f svrchovan\u00e9ho Tatarst\u00e1nu ji\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tkem 1990. let bylo z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nakladatelstv\u00ed tatarsk\u00fdch knih M\u04d9garif (Osv\u011bta), kter\u00e9 za necel\u00fdch t\u0159i desetilet\u00ed sv\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed vydalo na p\u016fldruh\u00e9ho tis\u00edce knih o celkov\u00e9m n\u00e1kladu 18.500.000 v\u00fdtisk\u016f.\r\n\r\nDnes vedle republikov\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f pracuj\u00ed na upevn\u011bn\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9 v\u011bdy a kultury po\u010detn\u00ed dobrovoln\u00edci. Do tatar\u0161tiny se p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 nejen klasika sv\u011btov\u00e9 literatury (zejm\u00e9na tak\u00e9 spisy antick\u00fdch filozof\u016f), ale i modern\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 studie z\u00a0fyziky, matematiky, l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed, astronomie apod. S\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee tatar\u0161t\u00ed p\u0159ekladatel\u00e9 nepracuj\u00ed a\u017e tolik s\u00a0ru\u0161tinou, jako s\u00a0angli\u010dtinou a ture\u010dtinou. B\u011bhem posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika let vznikly des\u00edtky videop\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek TED p\u0159elo\u017een\u00fdch do tatar\u0161tiny. Existuj\u00ed dokonce i p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky pro programov\u00e1n\u00ed sepsan\u00e9 v\u00a0tatar\u0161tin\u011b\u00a0\u2013 jde o\u00a0\u00farove\u0148 nedosa\u017eitelnou pro v\u011bt\u0161inu domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f RF.\r\n\r\nTak p\u016fsobiv\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011bchy ve v\u011bci rozvoje a zachov\u00e1n\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9 kultury by nebyly mo\u017en\u00e9 bez v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edch a finan\u010dn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Z\u00e1rukou tatarsk\u00e9 rezistence v\u016f\u010di asimila\u010dn\u00edm proces\u016fm je \u0159ada n\u00e1rodn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed: ne\u00fastupnost, sv\u00e9hlavost, podnikavost a v\u011brnost isl\u00e1mu v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1rodn\u00edch zvyk\u016f. Tatarsk\u00e9 infrastrukturn\u00ed, vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed projekty, ostatn\u011b stejn\u011b jako vyhandrkovan\u00e1 p\u0159i n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch jedn\u00e1n\u00edch s\u00a0Moskvou okle\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 autonomie ve sf\u00e9\u0159e humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed politiky tak\u00e9 plynou z\u00a0v\u00fdznamu Tatarst\u00e1nu pro hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed RF. Tato republika se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b za\u0159azuje mezi TOP 10 hospod\u00e1\u0159sky nejvysp\u011blej\u0161\u00edch subjekt\u016f st\u00e1tu. Tatarst\u00e1n je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm centrem v\u00a0odv\u011btv\u00ed t\u011b\u017eby a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed ropy, v\u00fdroby letadel, v\u00fdvoje komunika\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, v\u00fdroby v\u00fdbu\u0161nin, stroj\u016f a automobil\u016f. Na \u00fazem\u00ed republiky se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 pro Rusko infrastrukturn\u00ed objekty: ropovody, plynovody, dv\u011b mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed leti\u0161t\u011b, \u017eeleznice, mosty p\u0159es Volhu a Svijagu. Tatarst\u00e1n je infrastrukturn\u00edm logistick\u00fdm st\u0159edem regionu Idel-Ural.\r\n<h2>Tatarsk\u00e1 cesta ke st\u00e1tnosti<\/h2>\r\nPo dlouh\u00e1 stolet\u00ed se rusk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da sna\u017eila neutralizovat snahy Tatar\u016f o\u00a0obnovu vlastn\u00edho st\u00e1tn\u00edho projektu zapojov\u00e1n\u00edm tohoto poroben\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda do spr\u00e1vy a budov\u00e1n\u00ed Ruska (Rusk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, pak SSSR a nakonec RF). Gorba\u010dovova p\u0159estavba v\u0161ak u\u00a0Tatar\u016f op\u011bt probudila touhu po obnoven\u00ed st\u00e1tnosti. V\u00a0letech 1988 a\u017e 1990 v\u00a0Tatarst\u00e1nu vznikaj\u00ed a rychle se rozv\u00edjej\u00ed nekontrolovan\u00e9 z\u00a0Moskvy politick\u00e9 strany, ob\u010dansk\u00e1 sdru\u017een\u00ed a hnut\u00ed.\r\n\r\nPolitick\u00e9 pole Tatarst\u00e1nu v 1990. letech m\u016f\u017eeme rozd\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed pomysln\u00fdch skupin: provl\u00e1dn\u00ed s\u00edly (sdru\u017eovaly se kolem strany Jednota a pokrok), demokratick\u00e1 opozice (rusk\u00e9 celost\u00e1tn\u00ed politick\u00e9 strany) a tatarsk\u00e1 opozice (nacionalist\u00e9 a tatar\u0161t\u00ed komunist\u00e9). Tatarsk\u00e9 nacionalistick\u00e9 s\u00edly vyzn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed ideu samostatnosti jejich republiky byly zastoupeny Tatarsk\u00fdm ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm centrem (obdoba ukrajinsk\u00e9ho N\u00e1rodn\u00edho hnut\u00ed za p\u0159estavbu), Tatarskou stranou n\u00e1rodn\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti Ittifak (soulad), isl\u00e1mskou stranou \u04d8met (nad\u011bje), lidov\u011b demokratickou stranou Vatan (vlast) a ml\u00e1de\u017enickou politickou organizac\u00ed Azatlyk (svoboda). Tyto strany a ob\u010dansk\u00e1 sdru\u017een\u00ed byly v opozici v\u016f\u010di republikov\u00e9 a feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"614\"]<img class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/614xX\/Apr2019\/227688.jpg\" width=\"614\" height=\"397\" \/> Den pam\u00e1tky v Tatarst\u00e1nu (uct\u011bn\u00ed obr\u00e1nc\u016f Kazani, kte\u0159\u00ed padli v boji s arm\u00e1dou Ivana Hrozn\u00e9ho p\u0159i \u00fatoku na m\u011bsto v roce 1552). Demonstranti dr\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1pis \u201eSt\u00e1tn\u00ed nez\u00e1vislost Tatarst\u00e1nu!\u201c \u0158\u00edjen 1991 Foto: Nuruli Garif z archivu Azatlik Radios[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTatarst\u00e1n jako prvn\u00ed z\u00a0republik Idel-Uralu vyhl\u00e1sil deklaraci o\u00a0st\u00e1tn\u00ed svrchovanosti (30.\u00a08.\u00a01990) a jako prvn\u00ed dal najevo \u00famysl st\u00e1t se samostatn\u00fdm st\u00e1tem. V\u00a0roce 1991 se v\u00a0RSFSR konaly prezidentsk\u00e9 volby a v\u00a0Tatarst\u00e1nu z\u00e1rove\u0148 tak\u00e9 volby prezidenta Tatarst\u00e1nu. Radik\u00e1ln\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9 kruhy s\u00a0podporou ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed Kazan\u011b rozjely kampa\u0148 pro bojkot voleb rusk\u00e9ho prezidenta na \u00fazem\u00ed republiky. T\u011bch se ostatn\u011b z\u00fa\u010dastnilo jen 36,6\u00a0% tatarsk\u00fdch voli\u010d\u016f, zat\u00edmco voleb prezidenta Tatarst\u00e1nu 65\u00a0%. Boris Jelcin z\u00edskal v\u00a0Tatarst\u00e1nu 16,5\u00a0% hlas\u016f a Mintimer \u0160ajmijev 44,8\u00a0%.\r\n\r\nTatarsk\u00e1 stranick\u00e1 nomenklatura se ze za\u010d\u00e1tku sna\u017eila nov\u00fdch politick\u00fdch hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f nev\u0161\u00edmat. Pozd\u011bji se komunistick\u00fd stranick\u00fd apar\u00e1t Tatarst\u00e1nu pokusil vyu\u017e\u00edt n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed pro hru \u201ena p\u0159etahovanou\u201c s\u00a0Moskvou tak, \u017ee stra\u0161il Kreml mo\u017enost\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchodu k\u00a0moci nacionalist\u016f, s\u00a0nimi\u017e dialog nebude mo\u017en\u00fd. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0prosinci 1991 se postaven\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hnut\u00ed zastoupen\u00e9ho p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Tatarsk\u00fdm ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm centrem a stranou Ittifak znateln\u011b upevnilo. Nacionalist\u00e9 dok\u00e1zali z\u00edskat do sv\u00fdch \u0159ad m\u011bstskou tatarskou inteligenci, naj\u00edt zdroje financov\u00e1n\u00ed (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed tatarsk\u00fdch podnikatel\u016f), vy\u0161kolit vedouc\u00ed pracovn\u00edky na r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00edch, vybudovat distribuovan\u00e9 stranick\u00e9 struktury a zah\u00e1jit silnou propaga\u010dn\u00ed kampa\u0148.\r\n\r\nDne 24.\u00a0\u0159\u00edjna 1991 vyhl\u00e1sil Tatarst\u00e1n samostatn\u00fd st\u00e1t. Nez\u00e1vislost republiky potvrdilo referendum v\u00a0roce 1992. Zanedlouho Tatarst\u00e1n odm\u00edtl podepsat feder\u00e1ln\u00ed smlouvu a schv\u00e1lil dokonce vlastn\u00ed \u00fastavu, kter\u00e1 zakotvovala p\u0159ednost z\u00e1kon\u016f Tatarst\u00e1nu p\u0159ed z\u00e1kony RF. Na podzim 1993 prezident Tatarst\u00e1nu Mintimer \u0160ajmijev podrobil tvrd\u00e9 kritice n\u00e1vrh nov\u00e9 rusk\u00e9 \u00fastavy, jeho\u017e ustanoven\u00ed byla v\u00a0rozporu s\u00a0\u00fastavou Tatarst\u00e1nu. Koncem t\u00e9ho\u017e roku se Tatarst\u00e1n odm\u00edtl z\u00fa\u010dastnit voleb rusk\u00fdch zastupitelsk\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f, a sice Rady federace a St\u00e1tn\u00ed dumy (k\u00a0volb\u00e1m p\u0159i\u0161lo pouh\u00fdch 14\u00a0% obyvatel republiky).\r\n\r\nA\u017e do za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 1994 se Tatarst\u00e1n sna\u017eil v\u00e9st nez\u00e1vislou politiku, kdy udr\u017eoval rovnov\u00e1hu mezi konceptem \u00fapln\u00e9 samostatnosti a zachov\u00e1n\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch vztah\u016f s\u00a0Ruskem. Nakonec musel \u0160ajmijev pod tlakem Moskvy ustoupit: 15.\u00a0\u00fanora 1994 byla uzav\u0159ena smlouva s\u00a0RF o\u00a0vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m delegov\u00e1n\u00ed pravomoc\u00ed, na jej\u00edm\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b se z\u00a0Tatarst\u00e1nu stal st\u00e1t p\u0159idru\u017een\u00fd k\u00a0Rusku v\u00a0konfederativn\u00edm postaven\u00ed.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"614\"]<img class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/614xX\/Apr2019\/227689.jpg\" width=\"614\" height=\"409\" \/> M\u00edtink v p\u0159edve\u010der referenda o samostatnosti Tatarst\u00e1nu (21.3.1992). Mu\u017e dr\u017e\u00ed plak\u00e1t \"Tatarstany\u04a3 kurkusyz ir-egetl\u0259re! Bezne\u04a3 uryn milli gvaridiyad\u0259!\" (\"Odv\u00e1\u017en\u00ed mu\u017ei Tatarst\u00e1nu, na\u0161e m\u00edsto je v N\u00e1rodn\u00ed gard\u011b!\"). Tatarsk\u00e1 republika, 1992 Foto: z archivu Azatlik Radios[\/caption]\r\n\r\nZanedlouho se \u0160ajmijev stal jednou z\u00a0nejloaj\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u016f\u010di Kremlu hlav republik. Tento politick\u00fd obrat souvisel s\u00a0dojednan\u00fdmi dohodami mezi Kazan\u00ed a Moskvou: \u0160ajmijev v\u0161emo\u017en\u011b podporoval ruskou vl\u00e1du Viktora \u010cernomyrdina, zat\u00edmco Tatarst\u00e1n z\u00edskal pro ostatn\u00ed subjekty federace nev\u00eddan\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u00falevy (n\u00edzk\u00e9 odvody do feder\u00e1ln\u00edho rozpo\u010dtu, vysok\u00fd stupe\u0148 samostatnosti p\u0159i schvalov\u00e1n\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed, p\u0159i spr\u00e1v\u011b vlastnictv\u00ed apod.). De facto Moskva na Tatarst\u00e1nu vyzkou\u0161ela politiku \u201ekupov\u00e1n\u00ed loajality\u201c, kterou pozd\u011bji uplatnila v\u00a0\u010ce\u010densku.\r\n\r\nPrezident \u0160ajmijev se pokusil p\u0159em\u011bnit Tatarst\u00e1n na svazov\u00fd st\u00e1t, kter\u00fd buduje sv\u00e9 vztahy s Moskvou na exkluzivn\u00edch smluvn\u00edch z\u00e1sad\u00e1ch. Mimochodem v roce 1999 Tatarst\u00e1n nebyl nad\u0161en z n\u00e1padu vytvo\u0159it svazov\u00fd st\u00e1t mezi Ruskem a B\u011bloruskem. Tuto iniciativu p\u0159ijala Kaza\u0148 dost chladn\u011b a v p\u0159edtu\u0161e mo\u017en\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty sv\u00e9ho exkluzivn\u00edho postaven\u00ed zkusila uk\u00e1zat zuby. Na podzim 1999 parlament republiky odhlasoval p\u0159echod tatar\u0161tiny na latinku. Toto rozhodnut\u00ed zp\u016fsobilo nefal\u0161ovanou hysterii v Moskv\u011b.\r\n<h2>Na co spol\u00e9hala Kaza\u0148?<\/h2>\r\n\u0160ajmijev doufal, \u017ee v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u00fdznam Tatarst\u00e1nu a vliv tatarsk\u00e9 komunity v\u00a0republice a celkem v\u00a0RF umo\u017en\u00ed \u201edohodnout se s\u00a0Moskvou na zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch\u201c. Tatarsk\u00fd prezident aktivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edval nacionalistick\u00e9 opozice jako stra\u0161\u00e1ka pro Moskvy, i je nutno \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee tento postup n\u011bjakou dobu fungoval. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b to \u0160ajmijev pon\u011bkud p\u0159ehnal: za pomoci siln\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00e9 ma\u0161in\u00e9rie a v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9ho volebn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu byla z\u00a0tatarsk\u00e9ho parlamentu prakticky vytla\u010dena opozice\u00a0\u2013 jak rusk\u00e1, tak tatarsk\u00e1. Cel\u00e9 tatarsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed se tak u\u017e v\u00a0druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 1990.\u00a0let stalo hnut\u00edm mimoparlamentn\u00edm, i jedin\u00fdm prostorem pro jeho aktivity z\u016fstala ulice.\r\n\r\nKdy\u017e se k\u00a0moci dostal Vladimir Putin, nabral Kreml sm\u011br tvrd\u00e9 centralizace. Prvn\u00edmi ob\u011b\u0165mi t\u00e9to politiky se staly ty nejbohat\u0161\u00ed a nejsamostatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed subjekty federace, v\u00a0prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b Tatarst\u00e1n. U\u017e v\u00a0roce 1998 bylo pro obvin\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0podn\u011bcov\u00e1n\u00ed mezietnick\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0161ti zastaveno vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed opozi\u010dn\u00edho tatarsk\u00e9ho listu Altyn urda. N\u011bjakou dobu pak vych\u00e1zel v\u00a0samizdatu, ne\u017e ho \u00fa\u0159ady zak\u00e1zaly \u00fapln\u011b. V\u00a0roce 1999 se tatar\u0161t\u00ed nacionalist\u00e9 pokusili o\u00a0spojenectv\u00ed s\u00a0tatarsk\u00fdmi komunisty a rusk\u00fdmi demokraty v\u00a0z\u00e1jmu spole\u010dn\u00e9ho boje proti \u0160ajmijevovi. Tatarsk\u00e1 pravice vyhl\u00e1sila politickou hladovku, aby dos\u00e1hla zm\u011bny volebn\u00ed legislativy. Tato kampa\u0148 v\u0161ak nep\u0159inesla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek. V\u00a0roce 2001 byla v\u00a0Rusku na legislativn\u00ed \u00farovni zak\u00e1z\u00e1na \u010dinnost etnick\u00fdch stran. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku soudn\u00edch perzekuc\u00ed a tlaku tajn\u00fdch slu\u017eeb zanikla po\u010detn\u00e1 ob\u010dansk\u00e1 sdru\u017een\u00ed a hnut\u00ed domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, zejm\u00e9na v\u0161echny tatarsk\u00e9 strany a nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tatarsk\u00e9 organizace. V\u00a0letech 1999 a\u017e 2005 Kreml ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bl zm\u011bny \u00fastavy Tatarst\u00e1nu, aby ji \u201euvedl do souladu s\u00a0\u00fastavou RF\u201c. Z\u00a0\u00fastavy republiky tak zmizely zm\u00ednky o\u00a0navazov\u00e1n\u00ed vztah\u016f s\u00a0ciz\u00edmi st\u00e1ty, o\u00a0z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed banky apod.\r\n\r\nTatarsk\u00e9 elity se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouho konej\u0161ily zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm postaven\u00edm, zat\u00edmco Moskva va\u0159ila oponenta \u201epomal\u00fdm varem\u201c. Nov\u00fd prezident republiky Rustam Minichanov, kter\u00fd nastoupil do \u00fa\u0159adu v\u00a0roce 2010, pokra\u010doval v\u00a0politice sv\u00e9ho p\u0159edch\u016fdce: loajalita v\u00fdm\u011bnou za omezenou autonomii. Probl\u00e9m spo\u010d\u00edval v\u00a0tom, \u017ee do roku 2010 se Tatarst\u00e1n p\u0159enechal Moskv\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 celou svou svrchovanost, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zanikl i p\u0159edm\u011bt pro \u201esmlouv\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c s\u00a0Ruskem. Zb\u00fdvalo jen platit, i Tatarst\u00e1n platil. Republika zvy\u0161ovala rozsah odvod\u016f do feder\u00e1ln\u00edho rozpo\u010dtu, proto musela nav\u00fd\u0161it i t\u011b\u017ebu ropy.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"614\"]<img class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/614xX\/Apr2019\/227692.jpg\" width=\"614\" height=\"345\" \/> Tramsparent \"Kremlin kills native nations!\" (Kreml zab\u00edj\u00ed domorod\u00e9 n\u00e1rody!) um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd aktivisty ze Svobodn\u00e9ho Idel-Uralu u vstupu na olympijsk\u00fd stadion v Kyjev\u011b 26. kv\u011btna 2018 v den fin\u00e1ln\u00edho z\u00e1pasu Ligy mistr\u016f[\/caption]\r\n\r\nP\u0159esto\u017ee v\u00a0obdob\u00ed vysp\u011bl\u00e9ho putinismu se z\u00a0Ruska s\u00a0kone\u010dnou platnost\u00ed stal unit\u00e1rn\u00ed st\u00e1t, symbolick\u00e9 projevy federalismu se vymycuj\u00ed dodnes. V\u00a0roce 2017 Kreml odm\u00edtl prodlou\u017eit smlouvu o\u00a0rozd\u011blen\u00ed pravomoc\u00ed mezi RF a Tatarst\u00e1nem (tato smlouva byla chloubou jak \u0160ajmijeva, tak Minnichanova), a v\u00a0roce 2018 tatar\u0161tina de facto p\u0159i\u0161la o\u00a0funkci \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edho jazyka republiky zru\u0161en\u00edm jej\u00ed povinn\u00e9 v\u00fduky na \u0161kol\u00e1ch.\r\n<h2>Tatarsk\u00fd odboj v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch Putinova Ruska<\/h2>\r\nRusko soustavn\u011b a vytrvale pracuje na asimilaci velk\u00fdch domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f a na p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b etnick\u00fdch republik v\u00a0oby\u010dejn\u00e9 oblasti. Realizace tohoto z\u00e1m\u011bru prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00a0n\u011bkolika rovin\u00e1ch:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00fazemn\u011bspr\u00e1vn\u00ed: rok co rok je samostatnost republik omezov\u00e1na p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm spr\u00e1vn\u00edch pravomoc\u00ed celost\u00e1tn\u00edm feder\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fa\u0159ad\u016fm.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>finan\u010dn\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9: putinovsk\u00fdm modelem jednoty Ruska je br\u00e1t pen\u00edze bohat\u0161\u00edm subjekt\u016fm Rusk\u00e9 federace a d\u00e1vat je t\u011bm chud\u0161\u00edm. Pr\u00e1v\u011b to vlastn\u011b dr\u017e\u00ed st\u00e1t pohromad\u011b. \u201eJak byste p\u0159e\u017eili bez na\u0161\u00ed pomoci?\u201c je \u010dasto posledn\u00edm argumentem Kremlu v\u00a0debat\u011b o\u00a0samostatn\u00e9 budoucnosti republik. Nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee dotovan\u00fdch region\u016f je \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edc. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b dokonce i soused\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0Tatarst\u00e1nem Ba\u0161kortost\u00e1n, pr\u016fmyslov\u011b vysp\u011bl\u00e1 a sob\u011bsta\u010dn\u00e1 republika.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>kulturn\u011b identick\u00e9: Moskva jasn\u011b vykreslila r\u00e1mec, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e mohou existovat domorod\u00e9 n\u00e1rody a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed republiky\u00a0\u2013 je to tradi\u010dn\u00ed kuchyn\u011b, lidov\u00e9 kroje a sborov\u00fd zp\u011bv. Jak\u00e9koli projevy sob\u011bsta\u010dnosti jsou n\u00e1lepkov\u00e1ny jako extr\u00e9mismus a rusofobie. Celost\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady p\u0159evzaly kontrolu nad ve\u0161ker\u00fdmi sf\u00e9rami \u017eivota domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdmi organizacemi po\u010d\u00ednaje a strukturami v\u00a0diaspo\u0159e mimo RF kon\u010de.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed: Rusko si velmi dob\u0159e uv\u011bdomuje, co p\u0159edstavuje hlavn\u00ed hrozbu pro jeho \u00fazemn\u00ed integritu\u00a0\u2013 jsou to etnick\u00e9 republiky, regionalistick\u00e1 hnut\u00ed a salafistick\u00e9 proudy v\u00a0isl\u00e1mu. Ozbrojen\u00e9 salafistick\u00e9 podzem\u00ed se poda\u0159ilo fyzicky zlikvidovat nebo pozav\u00edrat. Naproti tomu skoncovat s\u00a0etnick\u00fdmi republikami nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9\u00a0\u2013 jsou institucializov\u00e1ny ji\u017e od sov\u011btsk\u00fdch dob. Vedle Severn\u00edho Kavkazu hlavn\u00ed bolest hlavy p\u016fsob\u00ed region Idel-Ural, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Tatarst\u00e1n. Soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s\u00a0odeb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm zbytk\u016f samostatnosti etnick\u00fdm republik\u00e1m Moskva podporuje m\u00e1lo po\u010detn\u00e9 n\u00e1rody, kter\u00e9 Rusko nijak neohro\u017euj\u00ed. P\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0I\u017eorce nebo S\u00e1my se mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu spole\u010denstv\u00ed serv\u00edruje jako \u201ed\u016fsledn\u00e1 politika zachov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed etnick\u00e9 a kulturn\u00ed pestrosti Ruska\u201c.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"614\"]<img class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/614xX\/Apr2019\/227690.jpg\" width=\"614\" height=\"461\" \/> V\u016fdci tatarsk\u00e9 ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00e9 organizace Azatlyk proti tlaku FSB a ministerstva vnitra na jejich aktivisty. Kaza\u0148, 2013. Foto: Tatarsk\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 centrum[\/caption]\r\n\r\nDokonce i v\u00a0t\u011bchto nesnadn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch tatarsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed nejen\u017ee p\u0159e\u017eilo, ale tak\u00e9 hled\u00e1 nov\u00e9 formy a metody boje. Nejen propagandist\u00e9 samostatn\u00e9ho tatarsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, ale i oby\u010dejn\u00ed ob\u010dan\u0161t\u00ed aktivist\u00e9 se octli v\u00a0postaven\u00ed disident\u016f.\r\n\r\n\u201eTatar milli ch\u04d9r\u04d9k\u04d9te\u201c (tatarsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed) dnes u\u017e nen\u00ed masov\u00e9 ani organizovan\u00e9. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 vzr\u016fst\u00e1 role mor\u00e1ln\u00edch autorit a jednotliv\u00fdch odv\u00e1\u017elivc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed nemaj\u00ed v pozad\u00ed mnohotis\u00edcov\u00e9 demonstrace, maj\u00ed v\u0161ak sympatie a podporu p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161liv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti tatarsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Mezi tyto osobnosti pat\u0159\u00ed spisovatelka, v\u016fdkyn\u011b dnes ileg\u00e1ln\u00ed Tatarsk\u00e9 strany n\u00e1rodn\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti Ittifak Fauzija Bajramovov\u00e1; politick\u00fd emigrant a zakladatel ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed Svobodn\u00fd Idel-Ural Rafis Ka\u0161apov; l\u00edd\u0159i ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00e9 vlasteneck\u00e9 organizace Azatlyk Nail Nabiullin a Batyrchan Agzamov; zn\u00e1m\u00fd tatarsk\u00fd publicista Ruslan Ajsin.\r\n\r\nNa ja\u0159e 2018 skupina politick\u00fdch emigrant\u016f ozn\u00e1mila na Ukrajin\u011b zalo\u017een\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed Svobodn\u00fd Idel-Ural, kter\u00e9 deklaruje nen\u00e1siln\u00fd boj za z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed samostatnosti pro \u0161est republik v\u00a0Povol\u017e\u00ed. Jeden z\u00a0p\u0159ed\u00e1k\u016f Svobodn\u00e9ho Idel-Uralu pob\u00fdv\u00e1 na \u00fazem\u00ed Ukrajiny. Tato organizace vyvinula dost aktivn\u00ed \u010dinnost nejen na jej\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 v\u00a0zem\u00edch Britsk\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed a Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech americk\u00fdch. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci hnut\u00ed informuj\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed o\u00a0poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f Ruska, vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch podcasty zpr\u00e1v o\u00a0Idel-Uralu a o\u00a0politick\u00e9 situaci ve sv\u011bt\u011b, v\u011bnuj\u00ed se lidskopr\u00e1vn\u00edm aktivit\u00e1m.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"614\"]<img class=\"size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/image.zn.ua\/media\/images\/614xX\/Apr2019\/227691.jpg\" width=\"614\" height=\"471\" \/> Zakladatel\u00e9 hnut\u00ed Svobodn\u00fd Idel-Ural. Zleva: Syres Boljaje\u0148 (Erzjan), Rostyslav Marty\u0148uk (Ukrajinec, \u010dlen kyjevsk\u00e9ho spolku Erzja\u0148 Val), Rafis Ka\u0161apov (Tatar), Ilmir Imajev (Tatar). Kyjev, 21. b\u0159ezna 2018[\/caption]\r\n\r\n\u010cinnost Svobodn\u00e9ho Idel-Uralu v\u0161ak narazila na \u0159adu probl\u00e9m\u016f. Hlavn\u00edm z\u00a0nich podle erzjansk\u00e9ho aktivisty Syrese Boljajen\u011b je, \u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed nepodporuje n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed hnut\u00ed domorod\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, ale ruskou opozici. I ukrajin\u0161t\u00ed politici dodnes spojuj\u00ed budoucnost rusko-ukrajinsk\u00fdch vztah\u016f s\u00a0Alexejem Navaln\u00fdm, nikoli se separatisty. Vypad\u00e1 to, \u017ee bez zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00e9ho ponau\u010den\u00ed z\u00a0Chicken Kiev speech se Z\u00e1pad ani Ukrajina k\u00a0\u201e\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9mu rozpadu Ruska\u201c neodv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Informace o\u00a0CVBP Prometheus\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prometheusngo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CVBP Prometheus<\/a><\/strong> (Centrum pro v\u00fdzkum bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed) je ukrajinsk\u00e1 nevl\u00e1dn\u00ed organizace, kter\u00e1 se v\u011bnuje studiu r\u016fzn\u00fdch str\u00e1nek hybridn\u00ed v\u00e1lky Rusk\u00e9 federace proti Ukrajin\u011b. Organizace je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 v\u00a0odborn\u00fdch kruz\u00edch sv\u00fdmi jedine\u010dn\u00fdmi analytick\u00fdmi publikacemi Krym za oponou a Donbas v\u00a0plamenech. Prometheus se tak\u00e9 specializuje na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v p\u016fvodn\u00edch obyvatel a etnick\u00fdch skupin v\u00a0Rusk\u00e9 federaci.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky od InformNapalmu:<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/shrnuti-informnapalmu-ocekavane-zhorseni-na-donbasu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shrnut\u00ed InformNapalmu: o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 zhor\u0161en\u00ed na Donbasu<\/a>. Rusko aktivizuje t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 d\u011blost\u0159electvo a odst\u0159elova\u010de<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/mezi-pozorovateli-obse-na-donbasu-je-vice-rusu-v-jejich-hlasenich-zaznamenany-manipulace\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mezi pozorovateli OBSE na Donbasu je v\u00edce Rus\u016f<\/a>. V\u00a0jejich hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edch zaznamen\u00e1ny manipulace<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/zastupci-puvodnich-narodu-povolzi-oznamili-zahajeni-boje-za-samostatnost\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Z\u00e1stupci p\u016fvodn\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f Povol\u017e\u00ed ozn\u00e1mili zah\u00e1jen\u00ed<\/a> boje za samostatnost<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/skytove-jako-rukojmi-rusu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Skytov\u00e9 jako rukojm\u00ed Rus\u016f<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/abchazie-zalozni-plan-kremlu-v-cele-jeho-nadhere-rusky-algoritmus-od-surkovova-uradu-jak-ovladnout-cizi-stat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Abch\u00e1zie, z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed pl\u00e1n Kremlu v\u00a0cel\u00e9 jeho n\u00e1dhe\u0159e. Rusk\u00fd algoritmus od Surkovova \u00fa\u0159adu<\/a>, jak ovl\u00e1dnout ciz\u00ed st\u00e1t<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/v-kalmycku-trvaji-akce-proti-jmenovani-expredaka-dlr-starostou-metropole-video\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">V\u00a0Kalmycku trvaj\u00ed akce proti jmenov\u00e1n\u00ed exp\u0159ed\u00e1ka \u201eDLR\u201c starostou<\/a> metropole (VIDEO)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/nove-provokace-v-zone-ruske-okupace-v-gruzii-napjata-situace-na-demarkacni-care\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nov\u00e9 provokace v\u00a0z\u00f3n\u011b rusk\u00e9 okupace v\u00a0Gruzii<\/a>. Napjat\u00e1 situace na demarka\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1\u0159e<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/odsun-krymskych-tataru-dejiny-chronologie-obeti-infografika\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Odsun krymsk\u00fdch Tatar\u016f. D\u011bjiny, chronologie, ob\u011bti<\/a> (infografika)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/loutkovy-moskevsky-rezim-v-jizni-osetii-zabira-dalsi-gruzinska-uzemi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Loutkov\u00fd moskevsk\u00fd re\u017eim v\u00a0Ji\u017en\u00ed Osetii zab\u00edr\u00e1<\/a> dal\u0161\u00ed gruz\u00ednsk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/surkovleaks-part-3-rozbor-korespondence-surkovova-prvniho-namestka-inala-ardzinby\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SurkovLeaks (part\u00a03): rozbor korespondence Surkovova prvn\u00edho n\u00e1m\u011bstka<\/a> Inala Ardzinby<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/izolace-rusky-koncentrak-pro-ukrajince-uprostred-evropy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u201eIzolace\u201c: rusk\u00fd koncentr\u00e1k pro Ukrajince<\/a> uprost\u0159ed Evropy<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ruske-utocne-ofenzivni-oddily-v-blizkosti-beloruska-a-ukrajiny-klincy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rusk\u00e9 \u00fato\u010dn\u00e9 ofenzivn\u00ed odd\u00edly v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti B\u011bloruska a Ukrajiny<\/a>: Klincy<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/dobrovolnici-zverejnili-rozsahlou-interaktivni-databazi-ruske-agrese\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dobrovoln\u00edci zve\u0159ejnili rozs\u00e1hlou interaktivn\u00ed datab\u00e1zi<\/a> rusk\u00e9 agrese<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><img class=\"alignleft \" src=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/12\/InformNapalm_logo_05.png\" width=\"114\" height=\"50\" \/>Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek zpracov\u00e1n speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro InformNapalm<\/em>\r\n<em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Creative Commons\u00a0\u2014 Attribution\u00a04.0 International\u00a0\u2014 CC BY 4.0<\/a>)\r\n<strong>Sd\u00edlejte s\u00a0p\u0159\u00e1teli na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch<\/strong><\/em>.<em>\r\n<\/em>\u00a0Str\u00e1nka komunity InformNapalm na soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edti Facebook v\u00a0\u010de\u0161tin\u011b: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/informnapalmcesko\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InformNapalm \u010cesko<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>[alert alert_type=\"success\"]\r\nChce\u0161 pracovat pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed komunitu InformNapalm jako dobrovoln\u00edk, nebo m\u00e1\u0161 pro n\u00e1s zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 informace? <\/em><strong><em>Napi\u0161 soukromou zpr\u00e1vu <\/em><\/strong><em>na na\u0161i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/informnapalm24\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hlavn\u00ed v\u00edcejazy\u010dnou str\u00e1nku<\/a> na Facebooku nebo na osobn\u00ed str\u00e1nku <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/burkonews\">\u0161\u00e9fredaktora<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Chce\u0161 p\u0159isp\u011bt finan\u010dn\u011b a st\u00e1t se na\u0161im filantropem, abys pomohl dobrovoln\u00edk\u016fm hradit n\u00e1klady na provoz webu? <strong>Zava\u017e se k\u00a0minip\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016fm pro InformNapalm <\/strong>p\u0159es Patreon: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/informnapalm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/informnapalm<\/a><\/em><\/p>\r\nChce\u0161 n\u00e1s podpo\u0159it mor\u00e1ln\u011b? <strong>Aktivn\u011b sd\u00edlej na\u0161e studie v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch, vypaluj agresora informa\u010dn\u011b spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0n\u00e1mi!\r\n<\/strong>[\/alert]<strong>\r\n<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\nP\u0159eklad: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/scyhol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Svatoslav \u0160\u010dyhol<\/a>","amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8076","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/78"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8076"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8076\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8078,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8076\/revisions\/8078"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8077"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8076"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}