{"id":8234,"date":"2015-05-06T15:21:23","date_gmt":"2015-05-06T15:21:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/?p=8234"},"modified":"2020-04-27T15:32:23","modified_gmt":"2020-04-27T15:32:23","slug":"hrozba-fasismu-aneb-vymarsky-scenar-v-rusku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/hrozba-fasismu-aneb-vymarsky-scenar-v-rusku\/","title":{"rendered":"Hrozba fa\u0161ismu, aneb V\u00fdmarsk\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 v Rusku"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rusk\u00fd sociolog <\/em><\/strong>Anton Olejnik<\/em><\/strong><\/a> o\u00a0vyr\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed fa\u0161ismu z\u00a0rozporu mezi form\u00e1ln\u00edmi institucemi a v\u0161edn\u00ed prax\u00ed<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Rusk\u00fd politick\u00fd diskurz za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 m\u00f3du na slovo \u201efa\u0161ismus\u201c a v\u00fdrazy z\u00a0n\u011bj odvozen\u00e9. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 debata o\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00ed pravici se neobejde bez zm\u00ednky o\u00a0fa\u0161ismu. Tak\u00e9 se na n\u011bj \u010dasto vzpom\u00edn\u00e1, kdy\u017e se mluv\u00ed o\u00a0Ukrajin\u011b. Jako neviditeln\u00fd odkaz je p\u0159\u00edtomen v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9 svatoji\u0159sk\u00e9 stu\u017ece, v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m n\u00e1pisu \u201eNa Berl\u00edn!\u201c na autech. Zcela se p\u0159itom opom\u00edj\u00ed jeden zdroj fa\u0161ismu, kter\u00fd by mohl umo\u017enit jeho rozkv\u011bt pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edm Rusku. Je to neschopnost form\u00e1ln\u00edch instituc\u00ed splnit o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatel.<\/p>\n

Odm\u00edtnut\u00e9 instituce<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Jak napsal Douglass North, instituce ur\u010duj\u00ed celkov\u00fd r\u00e1mec pro lidskou interakci, tzn. pravidla hry (Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance). Hru m\u016f\u017eeme vn\u00edmat bu\u010f jako \u201esvoji\u201c (jej\u00edm\u017e pravidl\u016fm rozum\u00edme), nebo jako \u201eciz\u00ed\u201c, j\u00ed\u017e se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edme nedobrovoln\u011b. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na pom\u011bru mezi form\u00e1ln\u00edmi institucemi a v\u0161edn\u00ed prax\u00ed, zda k\u00a0sob\u011b maj\u00ed bl\u00edzko, nebo si odporuj\u00ed. Nebudou-li form\u00e1ln\u00ed instituce pochopeny, budou d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji odm\u00edtnuty. Nikdo nehraje r\u00e1d \u201eciz\u00ed\u201c hru. V\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edm Rusku patrn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed pravidel jak vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed (demokracie), tak zahrani\u010dn\u00ed (mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouvy a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy) politiky.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1sady volen\u00e9ho zastoupen\u00ed, d\u011blby moci a svrchovanosti z\u00e1kona z\u016fstaly odlou\u010deny od ka\u017edodenn\u00ed praxe a zku\u0161enost\u00ed Rus\u016f (viz knihu Can Democracy Take Root in Post-Soviet Russia?). Kde se v\u0161ak mohli Rusov\u00e9 vlastn\u011b demokracii nau\u010dit? \u017de by v\u00a0rodin\u011b, na z\u00e1kladce, na vysok\u00e9, v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci nebo politick\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch, skrz naskrz prostoupen\u00fdch autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi prvky? Z\u00a0toho pramen\u00ed snahy p\u0159izp\u016fsobit demokracii rusk\u00fdm re\u00e1li\u00edm (tzv. \u201esuver\u00e9nn\u00ed demokracie\u201c) a n\u00e1sledn\u011b se ji dokonce \u00fapln\u011b z\u0159\u00edci ve prosp\u011bch obvyklej\u0161\u00ed centralizace moci na v\u0161ech \u00farovn\u00edch, od rodiny a\u017e po Kreml.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice je d\u016fvodem odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edch instituc\u00ed neochota obyvatelstva a elit sm\u00ed\u0159it se s\u00a0postimperi\u00e1ln\u00edm postaven\u00edm jejich zem\u011b. V\u00a0t\u00e9to situaci p\u0159estaly p\u0159edpisy mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, kter\u00e9 vznikaly pro neimperi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fatvary, pom\u00e1hat s\u00a0napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky a za\u010daly mu naopak p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eet. V\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee form\u00e1ln\u00ed instituce vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed a zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky byly odm\u00edtnuty, proto\u017ee neodpov\u00eddaly za\u017eit\u00e9 praxi a p\u0159edstav\u00e1m politik\u016f a oby\u010dejn\u00fdch lid\u00ed, jak by m\u011blo v\u0161e \u201espravedliv\u011b\u201c fungovat.<\/p>\n

Nep\u0159ijet\u00ed pravidel hry vede bu\u010f k\u00a0opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed h\u0159i\u0161t\u011b (odm\u00edtnut\u00ed hr\u00e1t), nebo k\u00a0snah\u00e1m vnutit ostatn\u00edm hr\u00e1\u010d\u016fm vlastn\u00ed pravidla. Pr\u00e1v\u011b s\u00a0touto alternativou souvis\u00ed hlavn\u00ed rizika v\u00fdvoje situace v\u00a0Rusku. V\u0161em, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159istoupili na p\u016fvodn\u011b stanoven\u00e1 pravidla (vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed opozice a nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed okoln\u00ed st\u00e1ty), se de facto navrhuje zah\u00e1jit jinou hru. Z\u00a0toho pramen\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost v\u00fdvoje podle v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e: zaveden\u00ed alternativn\u00edch pravidel hry za pomoci n\u00e1sil\u00ed.<\/p>\n

St\u00edn V\u00fdmaru<\/strong><\/h2>\n

<\/a>V\u00fdmarsk\u00e1 republika existovala pom\u011brn\u011b kr\u00e1tce, v\u00a0letech 1919 a\u017e 1933. Stala se alternativou k\u00a0projektu socialistick\u00e9 revoluce z\u00e1padn\u011b od rusk\u00fdch hranic. Po nepoveden\u00fdch pokusech o\u00a0vznik d\u011blnickorolnick\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f v\u00a0Evrop\u011b se na v\u00fdmarskou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracii pohl\u00ed\u017eelo jako na \u201erozumn\u00fd kompromis\u201c mezi revoluc\u00ed a zachov\u00e1n\u00edm status quo. V\u00fdmarsk\u00e1 republika byla prvn\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed s\u00a0existenc\u00ed sjednocen\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka. Po rozpadu Rakousko-Uherska se na map\u011b Evropy objevila \u0159\u00ed\u0161e nov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 zanikla p\u0159\u00edchodem Hitlera k\u00a0moci. A\u010dkoli V\u00fdmar za\u010dal v\u00fdrazn\u011b a kr\u00e1sn\u011b a vryl se do pam\u011bti rozkv\u011btem um\u011bn\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na se tu zrodil dadaismus) a m\u00e9di\u00ed (prvn\u00ed zku\u0161enost se z\u00e1bavn\u00edm rozhlasov\u00fdm vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00edm), skon\u010dil velmi \u0161patn\u011b, a to fa\u0161ismem.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0Rusku je z\u00e1jem o\u00a0v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 vysok\u00fd kv\u016fli \u0159ad\u011b obdob mezi v\u00fdmarsk\u00fdm N\u011bmeckem a postsov\u011btsk\u00fdm Ruskem. To posledn\u00ed bylo tak\u00e9 produktem rezignace na revolu\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvojovou cestu (koncem 1980. a\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tkem 1990.\u00a0let byla situace v\u00a0zemi revolu\u010dn\u00ed). Ke skute\u010dn\u00e9 revoluci v\u0161ak v\u00a0roce 1991 nedo\u0161lo. Na m\u00edst\u011b zanikl\u00e9 sov\u011btsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e se postupn\u011b obnovuje \u0159\u00ed\u0161e jin\u00e1, novorusk\u00e1. Jej\u00ed rozsah se s\u00a0t\u00edm sov\u011btsk\u00fdm ned\u00e1 srovnat, princip je v\u0161ak stejn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

O\u00a0nebezpe\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e pro Rusko za\u010dal jako jeden z\u00a0prvn\u00edch mluvit Alexandr Janov (viz Posle Jelcina: \u201eVejmarskaja Rossija\u201c, 1995): vnit\u0159n\u00ed slabost \u0159\u00ed\u0161e vyn\u00e1soben\u00e1 slabost\u00ed demokratick\u00fdch instituc\u00ed se jevila jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slo\u017eka v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 sm\u011bsi. V\u00a0\u201eblahobytn\u00fdch\u201c 2000.\u00a0letech se v\u0161ak na debaty o\u00a0v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9m sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i pozapomn\u011blo. \u0158\u00ed\u0161e vst\u00e1vala na vlastn\u00ed nohy. Posilovala suver\u00e9nn\u00ed demokracie. Da\u0159ilo se um\u011bn\u00ed a sportu.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1siln\u00e1 zm\u011bna hry<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Neukvapil se Janov se sv\u00fdm varov\u00e1n\u00edm? Nezn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edhodn\u011bji dnes, po 20\u00a0letech? Postsov\u011btsk\u00e9 Rusko ji\u017e existuje d\u00e9le ne\u017e V\u00fdmarsk\u00e1 republika. P\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1 politick\u00e1 situace pro fa\u0161istick\u00fd p\u0159evrat mu\u017ee vzniknout za n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo let, k\u00a0tomu v\u0161ak, aby uzr\u00e1ly hloubkov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro vznik fa\u0161ismu, jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed dlouh\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdmarsk\u00e1 republika vznikla po por\u00e1\u017ece Pruska v\u00a0Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce. Ujedn\u00e1n\u00ed smlouvy z\u00a0Versailles byla pro zemi nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1, ta se v\u0161ak rozhodla pro kapitulaci s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee si \u201ezachov\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159\u201c. Por\u00e1\u017eka Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu ve studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lce hraje v\u00a0historii dne\u0161n\u00edho Ruska obdobnou roli. Form\u00e1ln\u011b se sice \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 kapitulace nekonala, o\u00a0velmocensk\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v\u0161ak zem\u011b p\u0159i\u0161la. Zm\u011bnil se jak postoj ostatn\u00edch zem\u00ed, tak form\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed ar\u00e9n\u011b: \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, ale \u0159adov\u00e1 zem\u011b.<\/p>\n

Ke zklam\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0podm\u00ednek \u201epov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho\u201c m\u00edru bychom m\u011bli p\u0159idat tak\u00e9 zklam\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0demokracie. Ta v\u00a0Rusku stejn\u011b jako ve v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9m N\u011bmecku \u201enefungovala\u201c. V\u00a0N\u011bmecku byla demokracie spojov\u00e1na s\u00a0inflac\u00ed, vl\u00e1dn\u00edmi ro\u0161\u00e1dami a ne\u010dekan\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi aliancemi (soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9\u00a0+ konzervativci), v\u00a0Rusku pak s\u00a0p\u016fvaby \u201ehuben\u00fdch 90.\u00a0let\u201c. Kdo pozorn\u011b sleduje dne\u0161n\u00ed Rusko, m\u016f\u017ee d\u00e1t za pravdu post\u0159ehu Petera Sloterdijka k\u00a0v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9mu N\u011bmecku: \u201eTen ho\u0159k\u00fd pocit, \u017ee lid\u00e9 byli podvedeni, se v\u0161ude spojoval s\u00a0pocitem, \u017ee se v\u0161e bude muset za\u010d\u00edt znovu od za\u010d\u00e1tku\u201c (viz Kritiku cynick\u00e9ho rozumu).<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0kontroverzi mezi form\u00e1ln\u00edmi institucemi a v\u0161edn\u00ed prax\u00ed a p\u0159edstavami spat\u0159uje Sloterdijk nejhlub\u0161\u00ed ko\u0159en fa\u0161ismu. V\u00a0t\u00e9to situaci ve\u0159ejnou moc nelze zd\u016fvodnit prost\u0159edky zakotven\u00fdmi v\u00a0\u00fastav\u011b a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch smlouv\u00e1ch. Tyto form\u00e1ln\u00ed instituce p\u0159ece nebyly nikdy pochopeny a p\u0159ijaty! Ani ze strany \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, ani obyvatelstva. Jak p\u00ed\u0161e, Sloterdijk, fa\u0161ismus \u201ev\u00fdslovn\u011b odm\u00edt\u00e1 snahy s\u00e1m sebe jakkoli legitimizovat, otev\u0159en\u011b hl\u00e1s\u00e1 krutost a \u201eposv\u00e1tn\u00e9 sobectv\u00ed\u201c jako politickou nutnost a historicko-biologick\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u201c. V\u00a0t\u00e9to situaci se z\u00a0nacionalismu st\u00e1v\u00e1 jeden ze zp\u016fsob\u016f odm\u00edtnut\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edch instituc\u00ed (demokracie, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch smluv), kter\u00e9 se vyhodnocuj\u00ed jako ciz\u00ed a vnucen\u00e9 zven\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/a>Fa\u0161ismus jako spole\u010densk\u00fd jev znamen\u00e1 neschopnost h\u00e1jit sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy ve vztaz\u00edch s okol\u00edm jinak ne\u017e n\u00e1sil\u00edm. \u0160\u00ed\u0159\u00ed se soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00edm form\u00e1ln\u00edch instituc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 existuj\u00ed ve vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed a zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice. Fa\u0161ismus je utnut\u00ed diskuze na tom nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b a ud\u011blen\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9ho slova \u201esoudru\u017ece pistoli\u201c. S\u00e1zka na s\u00edlu, kterou Rusko uplatnilo v zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice, se projevila nejd\u0159\u00edve p\u0159i konfliktu v Ji\u017en\u00ed Osetii, pak nyn\u00ed na Ukrajin\u011b. Rusko dalo najevo sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy a ochotu br\u00e1nit je s\u00edlou nejd\u0159\u00edv b\u00e1zliv\u011b, se skr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00edm identifika\u010dn\u00edch znak\u016f na uniform\u00e1ch voj\u00e1k\u016f a obrn\u011bn\u00e9 technice, pak st\u00e1le otev\u0159en\u011bji.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1zka na s\u00edlu v\u00a0politice vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed je zat\u00edm ve f\u00e1zi snah o\u00a0ost\u00fdchav\u00e9 zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed ochoty k\u00a0repres\u00edm f\u00edkov\u00fdm listem. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u00e1r\u016fstu ob\u010dansk\u00e9 nespokojenosti, kter\u00fd je v\u00a0situaci hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize v\u00edc ne\u017e pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fd, bude f\u00edkov\u00fd list odhozen. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm otev\u0159en\u00e9ho nasazen\u00ed represivn\u00edho apar\u00e1tu (policie a soud\u016f) se bude re\u017eim tvrd\u011b mst\u00edt, jak napsal Sloterdijk, tomu, o\u00a0kom s\u00a0jistotou v\u00ed, \u017ee si ji nikdy nebude v\u00e1\u017eit, ale v\u017edy je p\u0159ipraven zak\u0159i\u010det: \u201eLegitimizuj se, nebo bude\u0161 svr\u017een!\u201c<\/p>\n

Je-li tato domn\u011bnka spr\u00e1vn\u00e1, fa\u0161ismus do Ruska nemus\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e9st na sv\u00fdch ramenou extr\u00e9mn\u00ed pravice. M\u016f\u017ee se st\u00e1t tak, \u017ee ho sv\u00fdmi \u010diny p\u0159ivedou zp\u011bt k \u017eivotu oby\u010dejn\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 a z\u00e1stupci \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se zbavili opory o srozumiteln\u00e9 a vn\u00edman\u00e9 jako \u201esv\u00e9\u201c form\u00e1ln\u00ed instituce zahrani\u010dn\u00ed a vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed politiky. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu m\u00e1 fa\u0161istick\u00fd projekt v Rusku, stejn\u011b jak tomu bylo ve v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9m N\u011bmecku, \u0161ance na podporu v\u011bt\u0161iny. Slovo \u201efa\u0161ismus\u201c bude jeho n\u00e1zev obsahovat jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Ani Hitler se v\u0161ak neozna\u010doval za fa\u0161istu.<\/p>\n

\n

Zdroj: Anton Olejnik<\/strong> na <\/em>vedomosti.ru<\/em><\/a>
\nP\u0159eklad: <\/em>Svatoslav \u0160\u010dyhol<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rusk\u00fd sociolog Anton Olejnik o\u00a0vyr\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed fa\u0161ismu z\u00a0rozporu mezi form\u00e1ln\u00edmi institucemi a v\u0161edn\u00ed prax\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":78,"featured_media":8235,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[523,3235,516,754],"tags":[123,369,8842,8843,8899,8900],"class_list":["post-8234","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analytics","category-nazor","category-all-news","category-spolecnost-all-news","tag-fasismus","tag-rusko","tag-sovetsky-svaz","tag-sssr","tag-studena-valka","tag-vymarska-republika"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHrozba fa\u0161ismu, aneb V\u00fdmarsk\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 v Rusku - InformNapalm.org (\u010ce\u0161tina)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/hrozba-fasismu-aneb-vymarsky-scenar-v-rusku\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hrozba fa\u0161ismu, aneb V\u00fdmarsk\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 v Rusku - 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Tak\u00e9 se na n\u011bj \u010dasto vzpom\u00edn\u00e1, kdy\u017e se mluv\u00ed o\u00a0Ukrajin\u011b. Jako neviditeln\u00fd odkaz je p\u0159\u00edtomen v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9 svatoji\u0159sk\u00e9 stu\u017ece, v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m n\u00e1pisu \u201eNa Berl\u00edn!\u201c na autech. Zcela se p\u0159itom opom\u00edj\u00ed jeden zdroj fa\u0161ismu, kter\u00fd by mohl umo\u017enit jeho rozkv\u011bt pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edm Rusku. Je to neschopnost form\u00e1ln\u00edch instituc\u00ed splnit o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatel.\r\n<h2><strong>Odm\u00edtnut\u00e9 instituce<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nJak napsal Douglass North, instituce ur\u010duj\u00ed celkov\u00fd r\u00e1mec pro lidskou interakci, tzn. pravidla hry (Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance). Hru m\u016f\u017eeme vn\u00edmat bu\u010f jako \u201esvoji\u201c (jej\u00edm\u017e pravidl\u016fm rozum\u00edme), nebo jako \u201eciz\u00ed\u201c, j\u00ed\u017e se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edme nedobrovoln\u011b. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na pom\u011bru mezi form\u00e1ln\u00edmi institucemi a v\u0161edn\u00ed prax\u00ed, zda k\u00a0sob\u011b maj\u00ed bl\u00edzko, nebo si odporuj\u00ed. Nebudou-li form\u00e1ln\u00ed instituce pochopeny, budou d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji odm\u00edtnuty. Nikdo nehraje r\u00e1d \u201eciz\u00ed\u201c hru. V\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edm Rusku patrn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed pravidel jak vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed (demokracie), tak zahrani\u010dn\u00ed (mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouvy a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy) politiky.\r\n\r\nZ\u00e1sady volen\u00e9ho zastoupen\u00ed, d\u011blby moci a svrchovanosti z\u00e1kona z\u016fstaly odlou\u010deny od ka\u017edodenn\u00ed praxe a zku\u0161enost\u00ed Rus\u016f (viz knihu Can Democracy Take Root in Post-Soviet Russia?). Kde se v\u0161ak mohli Rusov\u00e9 vlastn\u011b demokracii nau\u010dit? \u017de by v\u00a0rodin\u011b, na z\u00e1kladce, na vysok\u00e9, v\u00a0pr\u00e1ci nebo politick\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch, skrz naskrz prostoupen\u00fdch autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi prvky? Z\u00a0toho pramen\u00ed snahy p\u0159izp\u016fsobit demokracii rusk\u00fdm re\u00e1li\u00edm (tzv. \u201esuver\u00e9nn\u00ed demokracie\u201c) a n\u00e1sledn\u011b se ji dokonce \u00fapln\u011b z\u0159\u00edci ve prosp\u011bch obvyklej\u0161\u00ed centralizace moci na v\u0161ech \u00farovn\u00edch, od rodiny a\u017e po Kreml.\r\n\r\nV\u00a0zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice je d\u016fvodem odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edch instituc\u00ed neochota obyvatelstva a elit sm\u00ed\u0159it se s\u00a0postimperi\u00e1ln\u00edm postaven\u00edm jejich zem\u011b. V\u00a0t\u00e9to situaci p\u0159estaly p\u0159edpisy mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, kter\u00e9 vznikaly pro neimperi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fatvary, pom\u00e1hat s\u00a0napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky a za\u010daly mu naopak p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eet. V\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee form\u00e1ln\u00ed instituce vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed a zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky byly odm\u00edtnuty, proto\u017ee neodpov\u00eddaly za\u017eit\u00e9 praxi a p\u0159edstav\u00e1m politik\u016f a oby\u010dejn\u00fdch lid\u00ed, jak by m\u011blo v\u0161e \u201espravedliv\u011b\u201c fungovat.\r\n\r\nNep\u0159ijet\u00ed pravidel hry vede bu\u010f k\u00a0opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed h\u0159i\u0161t\u011b (odm\u00edtnut\u00ed hr\u00e1t), nebo k\u00a0snah\u00e1m vnutit ostatn\u00edm hr\u00e1\u010d\u016fm vlastn\u00ed pravidla. Pr\u00e1v\u011b s\u00a0touto alternativou souvis\u00ed hlavn\u00ed rizika v\u00fdvoje situace v\u00a0Rusku. V\u0161em, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159istoupili na p\u016fvodn\u011b stanoven\u00e1 pravidla (vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed opozice a nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed okoln\u00ed st\u00e1ty), se de facto navrhuje zah\u00e1jit jinou hru. Z\u00a0toho pramen\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost v\u00fdvoje podle v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e: zaveden\u00ed alternativn\u00edch pravidel hry za pomoci n\u00e1sil\u00ed.\r\n<h2><strong>St\u00edn V\u00fdmaru<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2015\/05\/71949981_90524050fc3dfb4a-230x130.jpg\"><img class=\"alignright size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2015\/05\/71949981_90524050fc3dfb4a-230x130.jpg\" width=\"230\" height=\"130\" \/><\/a>V\u00fdmarsk\u00e1 republika existovala pom\u011brn\u011b kr\u00e1tce, v\u00a0letech 1919 a\u017e 1933. Stala se alternativou k\u00a0projektu socialistick\u00e9 revoluce z\u00e1padn\u011b od rusk\u00fdch hranic. Po nepoveden\u00fdch pokusech o\u00a0vznik d\u011blnickorolnick\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f v\u00a0Evrop\u011b se na v\u00fdmarskou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokracii pohl\u00ed\u017eelo jako na \u201erozumn\u00fd kompromis\u201c mezi revoluc\u00ed a zachov\u00e1n\u00edm status quo. V\u00fdmarsk\u00e1 republika byla prvn\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed s\u00a0existenc\u00ed sjednocen\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka. Po rozpadu Rakousko-Uherska se na map\u011b Evropy objevila \u0159\u00ed\u0161e nov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 zanikla p\u0159\u00edchodem Hitlera k\u00a0moci. A\u010dkoli V\u00fdmar za\u010dal v\u00fdrazn\u011b a kr\u00e1sn\u011b a vryl se do pam\u011bti rozkv\u011btem um\u011bn\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na se tu zrodil dadaismus) a m\u00e9di\u00ed (prvn\u00ed zku\u0161enost se z\u00e1bavn\u00edm rozhlasov\u00fdm vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00edm), skon\u010dil velmi \u0161patn\u011b, a to fa\u0161ismem.\r\n\r\nV\u00a0Rusku je z\u00e1jem o\u00a0v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 vysok\u00fd kv\u016fli \u0159ad\u011b obdob mezi v\u00fdmarsk\u00fdm N\u011bmeckem a postsov\u011btsk\u00fdm Ruskem. To posledn\u00ed bylo tak\u00e9 produktem rezignace na revolu\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvojovou cestu (koncem 1980. a\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tkem 1990.\u00a0let byla situace v\u00a0zemi revolu\u010dn\u00ed). Ke skute\u010dn\u00e9 revoluci v\u0161ak v\u00a0roce 1991 nedo\u0161lo. Na m\u00edst\u011b zanikl\u00e9 sov\u011btsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e se postupn\u011b obnovuje \u0159\u00ed\u0161e jin\u00e1, novorusk\u00e1. Jej\u00ed rozsah se s\u00a0t\u00edm sov\u011btsk\u00fdm ned\u00e1 srovnat, princip je v\u0161ak stejn\u00fd.\r\n\r\nO\u00a0nebezpe\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e pro Rusko za\u010dal jako jeden z\u00a0prvn\u00edch mluvit Alexandr Janov (viz Posle Jelcina: \u201eVejmarskaja Rossija\u201c, 1995): vnit\u0159n\u00ed slabost \u0159\u00ed\u0161e vyn\u00e1soben\u00e1 slabost\u00ed demokratick\u00fdch instituc\u00ed se jevila jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slo\u017eka v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9 sm\u011bsi. V\u00a0\u201eblahobytn\u00fdch\u201c 2000.\u00a0letech se v\u0161ak na debaty o\u00a0v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9m sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i pozapomn\u011blo. \u0158\u00ed\u0161e vst\u00e1vala na vlastn\u00ed nohy. Posilovala suver\u00e9nn\u00ed demokracie. Da\u0159ilo se um\u011bn\u00ed a sportu.\r\n<h2><strong>N\u00e1siln\u00e1 zm\u011bna hry<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nNeukvapil se Janov se sv\u00fdm varov\u00e1n\u00edm? Nezn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edhodn\u011bji dnes, po 20\u00a0letech? Postsov\u011btsk\u00e9 Rusko ji\u017e existuje d\u00e9le ne\u017e V\u00fdmarsk\u00e1 republika. P\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1 politick\u00e1 situace pro fa\u0161istick\u00fd p\u0159evrat mu\u017ee vzniknout za n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo let, k\u00a0tomu v\u0161ak, aby uzr\u00e1ly hloubkov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro vznik fa\u0161ismu, jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed dlouh\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed.\r\n\r\nV\u00fdmarsk\u00e1 republika vznikla po por\u00e1\u017ece Pruska v\u00a0Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce. Ujedn\u00e1n\u00ed smlouvy z\u00a0Versailles byla pro zemi nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1, ta se v\u0161ak rozhodla pro kapitulaci s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee si \u201ezachov\u00e1 tv\u00e1\u0159\u201c. Por\u00e1\u017eka Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu ve studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lce hraje v\u00a0historii dne\u0161n\u00edho Ruska obdobnou roli. Form\u00e1ln\u011b se sice \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 kapitulace nekonala, o\u00a0velmocensk\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v\u0161ak zem\u011b p\u0159i\u0161la. Zm\u011bnil se jak postoj ostatn\u00edch zem\u00ed, tak form\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed ar\u00e9n\u011b: \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, ale \u0159adov\u00e1 zem\u011b.\r\n\r\nKe zklam\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0podm\u00ednek \u201epov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho\u201c m\u00edru bychom m\u011bli p\u0159idat tak\u00e9 zklam\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0demokracie. Ta v\u00a0Rusku stejn\u011b jako ve v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9m N\u011bmecku \u201enefungovala\u201c. V\u00a0N\u011bmecku byla demokracie spojov\u00e1na s\u00a0inflac\u00ed, vl\u00e1dn\u00edmi ro\u0161\u00e1dami a ne\u010dekan\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi aliancemi (soci\u00e1ln\u00ed demokrat\u00e9\u00a0+ konzervativci), v\u00a0Rusku pak s\u00a0p\u016fvaby \u201ehuben\u00fdch 90.\u00a0let\u201c. Kdo pozorn\u011b sleduje dne\u0161n\u00ed Rusko, m\u016f\u017ee d\u00e1t za pravdu post\u0159ehu Petera Sloterdijka k\u00a0v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9mu N\u011bmecku: \u201eTen ho\u0159k\u00fd pocit, \u017ee lid\u00e9 byli podvedeni, se v\u0161ude spojoval s\u00a0pocitem, \u017ee se v\u0161e bude muset za\u010d\u00edt znovu od za\u010d\u00e1tku\u201c (viz Kritiku cynick\u00e9ho rozumu).\r\n\r\nPr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0kontroverzi mezi form\u00e1ln\u00edmi institucemi a v\u0161edn\u00ed prax\u00ed a p\u0159edstavami spat\u0159uje Sloterdijk nejhlub\u0161\u00ed ko\u0159en fa\u0161ismu. V\u00a0t\u00e9to situaci ve\u0159ejnou moc nelze zd\u016fvodnit prost\u0159edky zakotven\u00fdmi v\u00a0\u00fastav\u011b a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch smlouv\u00e1ch. Tyto form\u00e1ln\u00ed instituce p\u0159ece nebyly nikdy pochopeny a p\u0159ijaty! Ani ze strany \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, ani obyvatelstva. Jak p\u00ed\u0161e, Sloterdijk, fa\u0161ismus \u201ev\u00fdslovn\u011b odm\u00edt\u00e1 snahy s\u00e1m sebe jakkoli legitimizovat, otev\u0159en\u011b hl\u00e1s\u00e1 krutost a \u201eposv\u00e1tn\u00e9 sobectv\u00ed\u201c jako politickou nutnost a historicko-biologick\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u201c. V\u00a0t\u00e9to situaci se z\u00a0nacionalismu st\u00e1v\u00e1 jeden ze zp\u016fsob\u016f odm\u00edtnut\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edch instituc\u00ed (demokracie, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch smluv), kter\u00e9 se vyhodnocuj\u00ed jako ciz\u00ed a vnucen\u00e9 zven\u010d\u00ed.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2015\/05\/292778_0_articledetail_270_008_4482850_faw104_0204.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2015\/05\/292778_0_articledetail_270_008_4482850_faw104_0204.jpg\" width=\"480\" height=\"342\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2015\/05\/016573421_40100-230x130.jpg\"><img class=\"alignright size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/de\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2015\/05\/016573421_40100-230x130.jpg\" width=\"230\" height=\"130\" \/><\/a>Fa\u0161ismus jako spole\u010densk\u00fd jev znamen\u00e1 neschopnost h\u00e1jit sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy ve vztaz\u00edch s okol\u00edm jinak ne\u017e n\u00e1sil\u00edm. \u0160\u00ed\u0159\u00ed se soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00edm form\u00e1ln\u00edch instituc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 existuj\u00ed ve vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed a zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice. Fa\u0161ismus je utnut\u00ed diskuze na tom nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b a ud\u011blen\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9ho slova \u201esoudru\u017ece pistoli\u201c. S\u00e1zka na s\u00edlu, kterou Rusko uplatnilo v zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice, se projevila nejd\u0159\u00edve p\u0159i konfliktu v Ji\u017en\u00ed Osetii, pak nyn\u00ed na Ukrajin\u011b. Rusko dalo najevo sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy a ochotu br\u00e1nit je s\u00edlou nejd\u0159\u00edv b\u00e1zliv\u011b, se skr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00edm identifika\u010dn\u00edch znak\u016f na uniform\u00e1ch voj\u00e1k\u016f a obrn\u011bn\u00e9 technice, pak st\u00e1le otev\u0159en\u011bji.\r\n\r\nS\u00e1zka na s\u00edlu v\u00a0politice vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed je zat\u00edm ve f\u00e1zi snah o\u00a0ost\u00fdchav\u00e9 zakr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed ochoty k\u00a0repres\u00edm f\u00edkov\u00fdm listem. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u00e1r\u016fstu ob\u010dansk\u00e9 nespokojenosti, kter\u00fd je v\u00a0situaci hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize v\u00edc ne\u017e pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fd, bude f\u00edkov\u00fd list odhozen. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm otev\u0159en\u00e9ho nasazen\u00ed represivn\u00edho apar\u00e1tu (policie a soud\u016f) se bude re\u017eim tvrd\u011b mst\u00edt, jak napsal Sloterdijk, tomu, o\u00a0kom s\u00a0jistotou v\u00ed, \u017ee si ji nikdy nebude v\u00e1\u017eit, ale v\u017edy je p\u0159ipraven zak\u0159i\u010det: \u201eLegitimizuj se, nebo bude\u0161 svr\u017een!\u201c\r\n\r\nJe-li tato domn\u011bnka spr\u00e1vn\u00e1, fa\u0161ismus do Ruska nemus\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e9st na sv\u00fdch ramenou extr\u00e9mn\u00ed pravice. M\u016f\u017ee se st\u00e1t tak, \u017ee ho sv\u00fdmi \u010diny p\u0159ivedou zp\u011bt k \u017eivotu oby\u010dejn\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 a z\u00e1stupci \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se zbavili opory o srozumiteln\u00e9 a vn\u00edman\u00e9 jako \u201esv\u00e9\u201c form\u00e1ln\u00ed instituce zahrani\u010dn\u00ed a vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed politiky. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu m\u00e1 fa\u0161istick\u00fd projekt v Rusku, stejn\u011b jak tomu bylo ve v\u00fdmarsk\u00e9m N\u011bmecku, \u0161ance na podporu v\u011bt\u0161iny. Slovo \u201efa\u0161ismus\u201c bude jeho n\u00e1zev obsahovat jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Ani Hitler se v\u0161ak neozna\u010doval za fa\u0161istu.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<em>Zdroj: <strong>Anton Olejnik<\/strong> na <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vedomosti.ru\/opinion\/articles\/2015\/02\/13\/ugroza-fashizma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>vedomosti.ru<\/em><\/a><em>\r\nP\u0159eklad: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/scyhol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Svatoslav \u0160\u010dyhol<\/em><\/a>","amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8234","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/78"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8234"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8234\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8237,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8234\/revisions\/8237"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8235"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8234"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8234"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8234"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}