{"id":8767,"date":"2020-10-04T21:17:15","date_gmt":"2020-10-04T21:17:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/?p=8767"},"modified":"2020-10-04T21:17:15","modified_gmt":"2020-10-04T21:17:15","slug":"ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/","title":{"rendered":"Ponau\u010den\u00ed z d\u011bjin: ohe\u0148 je zbra\u0148 ve v\u00e1lce"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00a0posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika dnech za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Ukrajina po\u017e\u00e1ry u\u00a0sv\u00fdch v\u00fdchodn\u00edch hranic, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0Luhansk\u00e9 oblasti. Ohe\u0148 u\u017e m\u00e1 na sv\u011bdom\u00ed des\u00edtky lidsk\u00fdch \u017eivot\u016f a velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zni\u010den\u00fdch obydl\u00ed. Po\u017e\u00e1r zas\u00e1hl plochu p\u0159es 10.000\u00a0hektar\u016f.<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 d\u016fkazy<\/a>, \u017ee tyto po\u017e\u00e1ry byly \u00famysln\u011b zalo\u017eeny rusk\u00fdmi agresory nebo jejich \u017eold\u00e1ky. Jde o\u00a0dob\u0159e zorganizovanou v\u00e1le\u010dnou operaci. Po\u017e\u00e1ry za\u010daly v\u00a0tzv. \u0161ed\u00e9m p\u00e1smu, zachv\u00e1tily ukrajinsk\u00e9 pozice a bl\u00edzk\u00e9 z\u00e1zem\u00ed Spojen\u00fdch sil.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Historie zn\u00e1 mnoho p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f, kdy se ohe\u0148 pou\u017e\u00edval jako zbra\u0148 proti nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm. Ohe\u0148 toti\u017e nen\u00ed jen \u017eivel, kter\u00fd ni\u010d\u00ed hmotn\u00e9 objekty, m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam jako n\u00e1stroj pro psychologick\u00fd n\u00e1tlak, jako n\u011bco, co vzbuzuje strach a paniku v\u00a0nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch \u0159ad\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Zkrotit, udr\u017eet a zalo\u017eit ohe\u0148 se nau\u010dili ji\u017e na\u0161i velmi vzd\u00e1len\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9 z\u00a0biologick\u00e9ho rodu Homo, mo\u017en\u00e1 dokonce p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e vznikl dne\u0161n\u00ed typ \u010dlov\u011bka Homo sapiens. Dost z\u00e1hy se pak prehistori\u010dt\u00ed lid\u00e9 nau\u010dili pou\u017e\u00edvat ohe\u0148 tak\u00e9 p\u0159i honu na divok\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata nebo st\u0159etech s\u00a0konkuren\u010dn\u00edm kmenem. Archeologov\u00e9 maj\u00ed d\u016fkazy, \u017ee na\u0161i prap\u0159edci \u00famysln\u011b zapalovali a bojovali klacky zap\u00e1len\u00fdmi na \u201ebitevn\u00edm\u201c konci.<\/p>\n

Ohniv\u00e9 zbran\u011b byly vylep\u0161eny v\u00a0r\u00e1mci rozvoje starov\u011bk\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed. \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 vyvinuli za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na vrh\u00e1n\u00ed hrnc\u016f s\u00a0ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed sm\u011bs\u00ed ji\u017e v\u00a05.\u20134.\u00a0stol. p\u0159ed Kristem, za vl\u00e1dy dynastie \u010cchin. V\u00a0dob\u00e1ch mongolsk\u00e9ho vp\u00e1du v\u00a01230.\u20131270.\u00a0letech \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 ji\u017e vynalezli st\u0159eln\u00fd prach a pou\u017e\u00edvali ho k\u00a0odpalov\u00e1n\u00ed raket a gran\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 detonac\u00ed po dopadu zp\u016fsobovaly velmi intenzivn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry. Mongolov\u00e9 tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159ejali a pou\u017e\u00edvali p\u0159i dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed pevnost\u00ed ve V\u00fdchodn\u00ed a St\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b a v\u00a0zem\u00edch muslimsk\u00e9ho Orientu. Mongolov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali ohe\u0148 tak\u00e9 jako prost\u0159edek k\u00a0teroru proti t\u011bm, kdo jim vzdoroval. Podle jejich zvyklost\u00ed, kdy\u017e jim n\u011bkter\u00e9 m\u011bsto odm\u00edtlo otev\u0159\u00edt sv\u00e9 br\u00e1ny, po dobyt\u00ed \u00fatokem bylo zcela vyp\u00e1leno.<\/p>\n

Pov\u011bstn\u00fd tzv. \u0159eck\u00fd ohe\u0148 se stal p\u016fsobiv\u00fdm vojensk\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem v\u00a0Byzanci. Podle tradice ho vynalezl Sy\u0159an jm\u00e9nem Kallinikos, kter\u00fd kolem roku 672 p\u0159ijal ob\u010danstv\u00ed V\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9. Kallinikos nejen\u017ee vyvinul recept na z\u00e1palnou sm\u011bs (obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed surovou ropu, s\u00edru, v\u00e1pno a n\u011bjak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed ingredience), ale tak\u00e9 vymyslel za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jemu\u017e \u0159\u00edkal \u201esifon\u201c, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavovalo kovovou n\u00e1dobu, k\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159ipojovaly m\u011bchy (podobn\u00e9 t\u011bm,\u00a0 kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali kov\u00e1\u0159i v\u00a0d\u00edln\u00e1ch). Rozdm\u00fdch\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm vzduchu vznikal siln\u00fd proud sm\u011bsi, kter\u00e1 se ve vzduchu samovzn\u00edtila a dos\u00e1hla vzd\u00e1lenosti 50 a\u017e 100\u00a0metr\u016f. Uhasit po\u017e\u00e1r zp\u016fsoben\u00fd \u0159eck\u00fdm ohn\u011bm bylo velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9. Byzantinci \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvali \u0159eck\u00fd ohe\u0148 na mo\u0159i k\u00a0likvidaci nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 flotily.<\/p>\n

Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku a pak zejm\u00e9na od 17.\u201318.\u00a0stolet\u00ed se mezi v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 postupy za\u0159adila taktika tzv. vyp\u00e1len\u00e9 zem\u011b. V\u00a0\u010dervnu 1687 krym\u0161t\u00ed Tata\u0159i takto podp\u00e1lili step severn\u011b od Perekopu, co\u017e vedlo ke vzniku cca 200\u00a0km \u0161irok\u00e9ho mrtv\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma. \u00da\u010delem tohoto zap\u00e1len\u00ed bylo znemo\u017enit dobyt\u00ed Krymsk\u00e9ho chan\u00e1tu vojsku veden\u00e9mu moskevsk\u00fdm vojev\u016fdcem V.\u00a0Golicynem, do n\u011bj\u017e pat\u0159ilo tak\u00e9 na 50.000\u00a0ukrajinsk\u00fdch koz\u00e1k\u016f hejtmana Samojlovy\u010de. Taktika Kryman\u016f jim vynesla v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed a moskevsko-koz\u00e1ck\u00e9mu vojsku por\u00e1\u017eku. Po t\u00fddenn\u00edm p\u0159echodu p\u0159es mrtvou step bez \u010derstv\u00e9 vody a krmiva pod spaluj\u00edc\u00edm sluncem byli lid\u00e9 a kon\u011b stra\u0161n\u011b unaveni. Kon\u011b za\u010dali padat a lid\u00e9 stonat. Golicin nakonec zavelel k\u00a0n\u00e1vratu dom\u016f. O\u00a0dva roky pozd\u011bji, v\u00a0roce 1689, kdy\u017e byl hejtmanem ukrajinsk\u00fdch koz\u00e1k\u016f ji\u017e Ivan Mazepa, se situace opakovala: Tata\u0159i znovu zap\u00e1lili step. Krymsk\u00fd chan\u00e1t vydr\u017eel je\u0161t\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9 stolet\u00ed, a\u017e do roku 1783.<\/p>\n

Kr\u00e1tce p\u0159ed Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou za\u0159adily arm\u00e1dy evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed a USA do v\u00fdzbroje nov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro likvidaci nep\u0159\u00edtele ohn\u011bm, a sice plamenomet. Prvn\u00ed plamenomety byly dost primitivn\u00ed a konstrukc\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednaly za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na tzv. \u0159eck\u00fd ohe\u0148: z\u00e1paln\u00e1 sm\u011bs se vyst\u0159ikovala za pomoci stla\u010den\u00e9ho vzduchu. Podobn\u011b jako byzantsk\u00e9 \u201esifony\u201c dost\u0159elily na vzd\u00e1lenost a\u017e 200\u00a0metr\u016f, ji\u017e po 50\u00a0metrech se v\u0161ak proud ohn\u011b ten\u010dil, proto\u017ee sm\u011bs sho\u0159ela ve vzduchu, tak\u017ee c\u00edle dos\u00e1hl ohe\u0148 u\u017e mnohem slab\u0161\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b i tyto prvn\u00ed plamenomety byly silnou psychologickou zbran\u00ed. Existuj\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00a0dob\u011b tzv. z\u00e1kopov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v\u00a0letech 1915 a\u017e 1918 voj\u00e1ci vyskakovali ze z\u00e1kop\u016f a bezhlav\u011b ut\u00edkali, kdy\u017e zahl\u00e9dli nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky s\u00a0plamenomety na z\u00e1dech. V\u00a01930.\u20131950.\u00a0letech doznaly plamenomety v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho zlep\u0161en\u00ed: vznikly trhav\u00e9 a reaktivn\u00ed typy t\u011bchto stroj\u016f.<\/p>\n

Taktika vyp\u00e1len\u00e9 zem\u011b a z\u00e1paln\u00e9 bomby se ve velk\u00e9m vyu\u017e\u00edvaly za Druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 hned po invazi hitlerovsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy a jej\u00edch spojenc\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed SSSR v\u00a0\u010dervnu 1941 spustil St\u00e1tn\u00ed obrann\u00fd v\u00fdbor SSSR operaci \u201esp\u00e1len\u00e1 zem\u201c, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla vytvo\u0159it pro okupanty nesnesiteln\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u00e9to operace bylo zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed a vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed exploz\u00ed na pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch objektech. Ke zni\u010den\u00ed ohn\u011bm byla ur\u010dena pole s\u00a0obilninami, sila s\u00a0obil\u00edm nebo dokonce obytn\u00e9 domy. To posledn\u00ed \u010dasto p\u0159edstavovalo rozsudek smrti pro venkovany, zejm\u00e9na s\u00a0ohledem na velmi chladnou zimu 1941. Jak dnes v\u00edme, 18let\u00e1 Zoja Kosmod\u011bmjanskaja dostala pr\u00e1v\u011b tento \u00fakol: zapalovat domy obyvatel vesnice Petri\u0161\u010devo, kde se ubytovala men\u0161\u00ed pos\u00e1dka n\u011bmeck\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. N\u011bmci j\u00ed ob\u011bsili s\u00a0cedul\u00ed na krku \u201eBrandstifter von Wohngeb\u00e4uden\u201c, tedy \u201epodpalova\u010d obytn\u00fdch dom\u016f\u201c. I p\u0159es ve\u0161kerou nen\u00e1vist v\u016f\u010di n\u011bmeck\u00fdm dobyvatel\u016fm bylo vesni\u010dan\u016fm z\u00a0Petri\u0161\u010deva jen sotva l\u00edto t\u00e9to mlad\u00e9 d\u00edvky, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 d\u00edt\u011bte, kter\u00e1 se stala ob\u011bt\u00ed v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b krut\u00e9 politiky kremelsk\u00fdch pohlav\u00e1r\u016f. Na ja\u0159e 1945 pak Hitler vydal rozkaz k\u00a0uplatn\u011bn\u00ed stejn\u00e9 taktiky sp\u00e1len\u00e9 zem\u011b na \u00fazem\u00ed T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, jemu\u017e hrozilo obsazen\u00ed sov\u011btskou nebo spojeneckou arm\u00e1dou.<\/p>\n

Obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 krut\u00e9 bylo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch z\u00e1paln\u00fdch bomb p\u0159i leteck\u00e9m \u00fatoku spojenc\u016f na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 Dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fany ve dnech 13.\u201315.\u00a0\u00fanora 1945. Tento \u00fatok provedla letka z\u00a01.249\u00a0t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch britsk\u00fdch a americk\u00fdch bombard\u00e9r\u016f. (Po dost dlouh\u00fdch a ostr\u00fdch h\u00e1dk\u00e1ch o\u00a0vhodnosti se tohoto bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00fa\u010dastnilo tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolik polsk\u00fdch t\u00fdm\u016f.) Na m\u011bsto bylo shozeno na dva tis\u00edce tun t\u0159\u00ed\u0161tiv\u00fdch a cca 500\u00a0tun z\u00e1paln\u00fdch bomb. V\u00fdbuchy t\u0159\u00ed\u0161tiv\u00fdch bomb spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0ohn\u011bm od z\u00e1paln\u00fdch bomb zp\u016fsobily stra\u0161liv\u00fd po\u017e\u00e1r. Zem\u0159ely desetitis\u00edce lid\u00ed, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b civilist\u016f (\u017e\u00e1dnou velkou pos\u00e1dku Dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fany nem\u011bly). V\u011bt\u0161ina ob\u011bt\u00ed podlehla pr\u00e1v\u011b po\u017e\u00e1ru (uho\u0159ela nebo se udusila kou\u0159em a nedostatkem kysl\u00edku). Tragickou shodou okolnost\u00ed zem\u0159elo tak\u00e9 cca 5.000\u00a0americk\u00fdch zajatc\u016f. Popisuje to proslul\u00fd rom\u00e1n Kurta Vonneguta Jatka \u010d.\u00a05, aneb K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava d\u011bt\u00ed. Diskuze o\u00a0tom, kolik dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fansk\u00fdch obyvatel zem\u0159elo a zda m\u011bl cel\u00fd tento n\u00e1let n\u011bjak\u00fd smysl, neutuchaj\u00ed dodnes.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce 1942 vyvinula tajn\u00e1 laborato\u0159 v\u00a0kampusu Harvardsk\u00e9 univerzity v\u00a0USA recept na sm\u011bs s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem napalm (zkratka podle dvou ingredienc\u00ed sm\u011bsi, kyseliny naftenov\u00e9 a palmitov\u00e9, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159id\u00e1valy do benz\u00ednu a zp\u016fsobovaly jeho zgelovat\u011bn\u00ed). Napalm m\u00e1 teplotu ho\u0159en\u00ed a\u017e 1.200\u00a0\u00b0C. M\u00e1 vlastnost p\u0159ilepit se na lidskou k\u016f\u017ei, kde ho\u0159\u00ed dlouho a zp\u016fsobuje v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9, \u010dasto smrteln\u00e9 pop\u00e1leniny. Napalm tak\u00e9 prosakuje pod zem, kde likviduje bunkry a dal\u0161\u00ed podzemn\u00ed stavby i s\u00a0os\u00e1dkou. P\u0159i ho\u0159en\u00ed napalmu se uvol\u0148uje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed kysli\u010dn\u00edku uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee zab\u00edt i ty, co \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pop\u00e1leniny neutrp\u011bli. Vzduch zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00fd ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edm napalmem se pohybuje odst\u0159ediv\u011b a dosahuje rychlosti a\u017e 110\u00a0kilometr\u016f za hodinu, co\u017e zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 nov\u00e9 po\u017e\u00e1ry. Americk\u00e9 letectvo \u0161iroce vyu\u017e\u00edvalo napalm p\u0159i bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed japonsk\u00fdch m\u011bst. Napalm z\u00edskal nechvalnou proslulost tak\u00e9 ve v\u00e1lce USA proti Severn\u00ed Koreji v\u00a0letech 1950\u20131953 nebo proti Vietnamu a Kambod\u017ei v\u00a0letech 1963\u20131973. Bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed napalmem tak\u00e9 pravideln\u011b praktikovaly ob\u011b strany \u00edr\u00e1nsko-ir\u00e1ck\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v\u00a01980.\u00a0letech, za ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v\u00a0Angole a v\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch africk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Obrovsk\u00e9 z\u00e1soby napalmu jsou nyn\u00ed uskladn\u011bny v\u00a0USA, Rusku, \u010c\u00edn\u011b, Severn\u00ed Koreji a \u00cdr\u00e1nu. V\u00a0lednu 2009 podepsaly USA mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed dohodu, jej\u00ed\u017e signat\u00e1\u0159i se zavazuj\u00ed zdr\u017eet pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed napalmu p\u0159i vojensk\u00fdch operac\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Jak m\u016f\u017eeme vid\u011bt, dnes vra\u017eedn\u00e9 vlastnosti ohn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Rusko ve sv\u00e9 nez\u00e1konn\u00e9, nevyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 a hanebn\u00e9 v\u00e1lce proti Ukrajin\u011b. P\u0159ehazov\u00e1n\u00ed viny na po\u017e\u00e1rech, kter\u00e9 dnes su\u017euj\u00ed okol\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00edch hranic Ukrajiny, na sucho, cigaretov\u00e9 nedopalky, necht\u011bn\u011b po\u0161kozen\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 veden\u00ed apod. je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b jen odvr\u00e1cen\u00edm pozornosti. Snahy o\u00a0podobn\u00e9 h\u00e1zen\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti je t\u0159eba ihned a r\u00e1zn\u011b utnout. A tak\u00e9 je z\u00a0pohledu z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed hygieny a lidsk\u00e9 etiky velmi nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 spol\u00e9hat na nesmysly, kter\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed rusk\u00e1 m\u00e9dia (p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edtel Ukrajiny) a z\u00e1padn\u00ed m\u00e9dia (jeden z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch rusk\u00fdch upl\u00e1cen\u00fdch kolaborant\u016f).<\/p>\n

Proto \u201ebu\u010fme bd\u011bl\u00ed\u201c, jak n\u00e1s vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 kn\u011bz nebo di\u00e1kon p\u0159i liturgii sv. Jana Zlato\u00fast\u00e9ho. Chv\u00e1la pat\u0159\u00ed t\u011bm, kdo pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0tuto chv\u00edli bojuje proti po\u017e\u00e1r\u016fm a klade odpor Rusku i se v\u0161emi jeho \u017eold\u00e1ky. A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 sl\u00e1va Ukrajin\u011b.<\/p>\n

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George V.\u00a0Pinchuk<\/a> <\/strong>speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky InformNapalm<\/p>\n

\u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nebo p\u0159evzet\u00ed s\u00a0odkazem na zdroj je v\u00edt\u00e1no! (Creative Commons\u00a0\u2014 Attribution\u00a04.0 International\u00a0\u2014 CC BY\u00a04.0). Facebookov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka komunity InformNapalm v\u00a0\u010de\u0161tin\u011b: InformNapalm \u010cesko<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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P\u0159eklad: Svatoslav \u0160\u010dyhol<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00a0posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika dnech za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Ukrajina po\u017e\u00e1ry u\u00a0sv\u00fdch v\u00fdchodn\u00edch hranic, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0Luhansk\u00e9 oblasti. Ohe\u0148 u\u017e m\u00e1 na sv\u011bdom\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":78,"featured_media":8768,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[518,516,3776],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-donbass","category-all-news","category-rusko-ukrajinska-valka"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPonau\u010den\u00ed z d\u011bjin: ohe\u0148 je zbra\u0148 ve v\u00e1lce - InformNapalm.org (\u010ce\u0161tina)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ponau\u010den\u00ed z d\u011bjin: ohe\u0148 je zbra\u0148 ve v\u00e1lce - InformNapalm.org (\u010ce\u0161tina)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V\u00a0posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika dnech za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Ukrajina po\u017e\u00e1ry u\u00a0sv\u00fdch v\u00fdchodn\u00edch hranic, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0Luhansk\u00e9 oblasti. Ohe\u0148 u\u017e m\u00e1 na sv\u011bdom\u00ed...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"InformNapalm.org (\u010ce\u0161tina)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-10-04T21:17:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/10\/Ponauceni-z-dejin_-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"642\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"336\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"svatoslav\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"svatoslav\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"svatoslav\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#\/schema\/person\/df2cf86bd5e35ae01a82d1108d3c5f51\"},\"headline\":\"Ponau\u010den\u00ed z d\u011bjin: ohe\u0148 je zbra\u0148 ve v\u00e1lce\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-10-04T21:17:15+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/\"},\"wordCount\":1783,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/10\/Ponauceni-z-dejin_-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Donbass\",\"Novinky\",\"Rusko-ukrajinsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/\",\"name\":\"Ponau\u010den\u00ed z d\u011bjin: ohe\u0148 je zbra\u0148 ve v\u00e1lce - 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Ohe\u0148 u\u017e m\u00e1 na sv\u011bdom\u00ed...","og_url":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/","og_site_name":"InformNapalm.org (\u010ce\u0161tina)","article_published_time":"2020-10-04T21:17:15+00:00","og_image":[{"width":642,"height":336,"url":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/10\/Ponauceni-z-dejin_-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"svatoslav","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"svatoslav","Est. reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/"},"author":{"name":"svatoslav","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#\/schema\/person\/df2cf86bd5e35ae01a82d1108d3c5f51"},"headline":"Ponau\u010den\u00ed z d\u011bjin: ohe\u0148 je zbra\u0148 ve v\u00e1lce","datePublished":"2020-10-04T21:17:15+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/"},"wordCount":1783,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/10\/Ponauceni-z-dejin_-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce.jpg","articleSection":["Donbass","Novinky","Rusko-ukrajinsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/","url":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/","name":"Ponau\u010den\u00ed z d\u011bjin: ohe\u0148 je zbra\u0148 ve v\u00e1lce - InformNapalm.org (\u010ce\u0161tina)","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/10\/Ponauceni-z-dejin_-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce.jpg","datePublished":"2020-10-04T21:17:15+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#\/schema\/person\/df2cf86bd5e35ae01a82d1108d3c5f51"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/10\/Ponauceni-z-dejin_-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/10\/Ponauceni-z-dejin_-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce.jpg","width":642,"height":336},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/ponauceni-z-dejin-ohen-je-zbran-ve-valce\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Ponau\u010den\u00ed z d\u011bjin: ohe\u0148 je zbra\u0148 ve v\u00e1lce"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#website","url":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/","name":"InformNapalm.org (\u010ce\u0161tina)","description":"Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy z Ukrajiny","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#\/schema\/person\/df2cf86bd5e35ae01a82d1108d3c5f51","name":"svatoslav","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0cc633af9f94c5bc8eca4c7a7bf1e1f390e89d3af1b6a34e2886692888437497?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0cc633af9f94c5bc8eca4c7a7bf1e1f390e89d3af1b6a34e2886692888437497?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"svatoslav"},"url":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/author\/svatoslav\/"}]}},"post_src":"V\u00a0posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika dnech za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Ukrajina po\u017e\u00e1ry u\u00a0sv\u00fdch v\u00fdchodn\u00edch hranic, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0Luhansk\u00e9 oblasti. Ohe\u0148 u\u017e m\u00e1 na sv\u011bdom\u00ed des\u00edtky lidsk\u00fdch \u017eivot\u016f a velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zni\u010den\u00fdch obydl\u00ed. Po\u017e\u00e1r zas\u00e1hl plochu p\u0159es 10.000\u00a0hektar\u016f.<!--more-->\r\n\r\nExistuj\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/watch\/?ref=external&v=630591714487837\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 d\u016fkazy<\/a>, \u017ee tyto po\u017e\u00e1ry byly \u00famysln\u011b zalo\u017eeny rusk\u00fdmi agresory nebo jejich \u017eold\u00e1ky. Jde o\u00a0dob\u0159e zorganizovanou v\u00e1le\u010dnou operaci. Po\u017e\u00e1ry za\u010daly v\u00a0tzv. \u0161ed\u00e9m p\u00e1smu, zachv\u00e1tily ukrajinsk\u00e9 pozice a bl\u00edzk\u00e9 z\u00e1zem\u00ed Spojen\u00fdch sil.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/10\/120733117_329565568110832_6788899979817595497_n.jpg\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/10\/120733117_329565568110832_6788899979817595497_n.jpg\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1000\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\nHistorie zn\u00e1 mnoho p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f, kdy se ohe\u0148 pou\u017e\u00edval jako zbra\u0148 proti nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm. Ohe\u0148 toti\u017e nen\u00ed jen \u017eivel, kter\u00fd ni\u010d\u00ed hmotn\u00e9 objekty, m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam jako n\u00e1stroj pro psychologick\u00fd n\u00e1tlak, jako n\u011bco, co vzbuzuje strach a paniku v\u00a0nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch \u0159ad\u00e1ch.\r\n\r\nZkrotit, udr\u017eet a zalo\u017eit ohe\u0148 se nau\u010dili ji\u017e na\u0161i velmi vzd\u00e1len\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9 z\u00a0biologick\u00e9ho rodu Homo, mo\u017en\u00e1 dokonce p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e vznikl dne\u0161n\u00ed typ \u010dlov\u011bka Homo sapiens. Dost z\u00e1hy se pak prehistori\u010dt\u00ed lid\u00e9 nau\u010dili pou\u017e\u00edvat ohe\u0148 tak\u00e9 p\u0159i honu na divok\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata nebo st\u0159etech s\u00a0konkuren\u010dn\u00edm kmenem. Archeologov\u00e9 maj\u00ed d\u016fkazy, \u017ee na\u0161i prap\u0159edci \u00famysln\u011b zapalovali a bojovali klacky zap\u00e1len\u00fdmi na \u201ebitevn\u00edm\u201c konci.\r\n\r\nOhniv\u00e9 zbran\u011b byly vylep\u0161eny v\u00a0r\u00e1mci rozvoje starov\u011bk\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed. \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 vyvinuli za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na vrh\u00e1n\u00ed hrnc\u016f s\u00a0ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed sm\u011bs\u00ed ji\u017e v\u00a05.\u20134.\u00a0stol. p\u0159ed Kristem, za vl\u00e1dy dynastie \u010cchin. V\u00a0dob\u00e1ch mongolsk\u00e9ho vp\u00e1du v\u00a01230.\u20131270.\u00a0letech \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 ji\u017e vynalezli st\u0159eln\u00fd prach a pou\u017e\u00edvali ho k\u00a0odpalov\u00e1n\u00ed raket a gran\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 detonac\u00ed po dopadu zp\u016fsobovaly velmi intenzivn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry. Mongolov\u00e9 tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159ejali a pou\u017e\u00edvali p\u0159i dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed pevnost\u00ed ve V\u00fdchodn\u00ed a St\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b a v\u00a0zem\u00edch muslimsk\u00e9ho Orientu. Mongolov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali ohe\u0148 tak\u00e9 jako prost\u0159edek k\u00a0teroru proti t\u011bm, kdo jim vzdoroval. Podle jejich zvyklost\u00ed, kdy\u017e jim n\u011bkter\u00e9 m\u011bsto odm\u00edtlo otev\u0159\u00edt sv\u00e9 br\u00e1ny, po dobyt\u00ed \u00fatokem bylo zcela vyp\u00e1leno.\r\n\r\nPov\u011bstn\u00fd tzv. \u0159eck\u00fd ohe\u0148 se stal p\u016fsobiv\u00fdm vojensk\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem v\u00a0Byzanci. Podle tradice ho vynalezl Sy\u0159an jm\u00e9nem Kallinikos, kter\u00fd kolem roku 672 p\u0159ijal ob\u010danstv\u00ed V\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9. Kallinikos nejen\u017ee vyvinul recept na z\u00e1palnou sm\u011bs (obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed surovou ropu, s\u00edru, v\u00e1pno a n\u011bjak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed ingredience), ale tak\u00e9 vymyslel za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, jemu\u017e \u0159\u00edkal \u201esifon\u201c, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavovalo kovovou n\u00e1dobu, k\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159ipojovaly m\u011bchy (podobn\u00e9 t\u011bm,\u00a0 kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali kov\u00e1\u0159i v\u00a0d\u00edln\u00e1ch). Rozdm\u00fdch\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm vzduchu vznikal siln\u00fd proud sm\u011bsi, kter\u00e1 se ve vzduchu samovzn\u00edtila a dos\u00e1hla vzd\u00e1lenosti 50 a\u017e 100\u00a0metr\u016f. Uhasit po\u017e\u00e1r zp\u016fsoben\u00fd \u0159eck\u00fdm ohn\u011bm bylo velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9. Byzantinci \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvali \u0159eck\u00fd ohe\u0148 na mo\u0159i k\u00a0likvidaci nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 flotily.\r\n\r\nVe st\u0159edov\u011bku a pak zejm\u00e9na od 17.\u201318.\u00a0stolet\u00ed se mezi v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 postupy za\u0159adila taktika tzv. vyp\u00e1len\u00e9 zem\u011b. V\u00a0\u010dervnu 1687 krym\u0161t\u00ed Tata\u0159i takto podp\u00e1lili step severn\u011b od Perekopu, co\u017e vedlo ke vzniku cca 200\u00a0km \u0161irok\u00e9ho mrtv\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma. \u00da\u010delem tohoto zap\u00e1len\u00ed bylo znemo\u017enit dobyt\u00ed Krymsk\u00e9ho chan\u00e1tu vojsku veden\u00e9mu moskevsk\u00fdm vojev\u016fdcem V.\u00a0Golicynem, do n\u011bj\u017e pat\u0159ilo tak\u00e9 na 50.000\u00a0ukrajinsk\u00fdch koz\u00e1k\u016f hejtmana Samojlovy\u010de. Taktika Kryman\u016f jim vynesla v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed a moskevsko-koz\u00e1ck\u00e9mu vojsku por\u00e1\u017eku. Po t\u00fddenn\u00edm p\u0159echodu p\u0159es mrtvou step bez \u010derstv\u00e9 vody a krmiva pod spaluj\u00edc\u00edm sluncem byli lid\u00e9 a kon\u011b stra\u0161n\u011b unaveni. Kon\u011b za\u010dali padat a lid\u00e9 stonat. Golicin nakonec zavelel k\u00a0n\u00e1vratu dom\u016f. O\u00a0dva roky pozd\u011bji, v\u00a0roce 1689, kdy\u017e byl hejtmanem ukrajinsk\u00fdch koz\u00e1k\u016f ji\u017e Ivan Mazepa, se situace opakovala: Tata\u0159i znovu zap\u00e1lili step. Krymsk\u00fd chan\u00e1t vydr\u017eel je\u0161t\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9 stolet\u00ed, a\u017e do roku 1783.\r\n\r\nKr\u00e1tce p\u0159ed Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou za\u0159adily arm\u00e1dy evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed a USA do v\u00fdzbroje nov\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro likvidaci nep\u0159\u00edtele ohn\u011bm, a sice plamenomet. Prvn\u00ed plamenomety byly dost primitivn\u00ed a konstrukc\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednaly za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na tzv. \u0159eck\u00fd ohe\u0148: z\u00e1paln\u00e1 sm\u011bs se vyst\u0159ikovala za pomoci stla\u010den\u00e9ho vzduchu. Podobn\u011b jako byzantsk\u00e9 \u201esifony\u201c dost\u0159elily na vzd\u00e1lenost a\u017e 200\u00a0metr\u016f, ji\u017e po 50\u00a0metrech se v\u0161ak proud ohn\u011b ten\u010dil, proto\u017ee sm\u011bs sho\u0159ela ve vzduchu, tak\u017ee c\u00edle dos\u00e1hl ohe\u0148 u\u017e mnohem slab\u0161\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b i tyto prvn\u00ed plamenomety byly silnou psychologickou zbran\u00ed. Existuj\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00a0dob\u011b tzv. z\u00e1kopov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v\u00a0letech 1915 a\u017e 1918 voj\u00e1ci vyskakovali ze z\u00e1kop\u016f a bezhlav\u011b ut\u00edkali, kdy\u017e zahl\u00e9dli nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky s\u00a0plamenomety na z\u00e1dech. V\u00a01930.\u20131950.\u00a0letech doznaly plamenomety v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho zlep\u0161en\u00ed: vznikly trhav\u00e9 a reaktivn\u00ed typy t\u011bchto stroj\u016f.\r\n\r\nTaktika vyp\u00e1len\u00e9 zem\u011b a z\u00e1paln\u00e9 bomby se ve velk\u00e9m vyu\u017e\u00edvaly za Druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 hned po invazi hitlerovsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy a jej\u00edch spojenc\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed SSSR v\u00a0\u010dervnu 1941 spustil St\u00e1tn\u00ed obrann\u00fd v\u00fdbor SSSR operaci \u201esp\u00e1len\u00e1 zem\u201c, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla vytvo\u0159it pro okupanty nesnesiteln\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u00e9to operace bylo zapalov\u00e1n\u00ed a vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed exploz\u00ed na pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch objektech. Ke zni\u010den\u00ed ohn\u011bm byla ur\u010dena pole s\u00a0obilninami, sila s\u00a0obil\u00edm nebo dokonce obytn\u00e9 domy. To posledn\u00ed \u010dasto p\u0159edstavovalo rozsudek smrti pro venkovany, zejm\u00e9na s\u00a0ohledem na velmi chladnou zimu 1941. Jak dnes v\u00edme, 18let\u00e1 Zoja Kosmod\u011bmjanskaja dostala pr\u00e1v\u011b tento \u00fakol: zapalovat domy obyvatel vesnice Petri\u0161\u010devo, kde se ubytovala men\u0161\u00ed pos\u00e1dka n\u011bmeck\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. N\u011bmci j\u00ed ob\u011bsili s\u00a0cedul\u00ed na krku \u201eBrandstifter von Wohngeb\u00e4uden\u201c, tedy \u201epodpalova\u010d obytn\u00fdch dom\u016f\u201c. I p\u0159es ve\u0161kerou nen\u00e1vist v\u016f\u010di n\u011bmeck\u00fdm dobyvatel\u016fm bylo vesni\u010dan\u016fm z\u00a0Petri\u0161\u010deva jen sotva l\u00edto t\u00e9to mlad\u00e9 d\u00edvky, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 d\u00edt\u011bte, kter\u00e1 se stala ob\u011bt\u00ed v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b krut\u00e9 politiky kremelsk\u00fdch pohlav\u00e1r\u016f. Na ja\u0159e 1945 pak Hitler vydal rozkaz k\u00a0uplatn\u011bn\u00ed stejn\u00e9 taktiky sp\u00e1len\u00e9 zem\u011b na \u00fazem\u00ed T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, jemu\u017e hrozilo obsazen\u00ed sov\u011btskou nebo spojeneckou arm\u00e1dou.\r\n\r\nObzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 krut\u00e9 bylo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch z\u00e1paln\u00fdch bomb p\u0159i leteck\u00e9m \u00fatoku spojenc\u016f na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 Dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fany ve dnech 13.\u201315.\u00a0\u00fanora 1945. Tento \u00fatok provedla letka z\u00a01.249\u00a0t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch britsk\u00fdch a americk\u00fdch bombard\u00e9r\u016f. (Po dost dlouh\u00fdch a ostr\u00fdch h\u00e1dk\u00e1ch o\u00a0vhodnosti se tohoto bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00fa\u010dastnilo tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolik polsk\u00fdch t\u00fdm\u016f.) Na m\u011bsto bylo shozeno na dva tis\u00edce tun t\u0159\u00ed\u0161tiv\u00fdch a cca 500\u00a0tun z\u00e1paln\u00fdch bomb. V\u00fdbuchy t\u0159\u00ed\u0161tiv\u00fdch bomb spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0ohn\u011bm od z\u00e1paln\u00fdch bomb zp\u016fsobily stra\u0161liv\u00fd po\u017e\u00e1r. Zem\u0159ely desetitis\u00edce lid\u00ed, p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b civilist\u016f (\u017e\u00e1dnou velkou pos\u00e1dku Dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fany nem\u011bly). V\u011bt\u0161ina ob\u011bt\u00ed podlehla pr\u00e1v\u011b po\u017e\u00e1ru (uho\u0159ela nebo se udusila kou\u0159em a nedostatkem kysl\u00edku). Tragickou shodou okolnost\u00ed zem\u0159elo tak\u00e9 cca 5.000\u00a0americk\u00fdch zajatc\u016f. Popisuje to proslul\u00fd rom\u00e1n Kurta Vonneguta Jatka \u010d.\u00a05, aneb K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 v\u00fdprava d\u011bt\u00ed. Diskuze o\u00a0tom, kolik dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fansk\u00fdch obyvatel zem\u0159elo a zda m\u011bl cel\u00fd tento n\u00e1let n\u011bjak\u00fd smysl, neutuchaj\u00ed dodnes.\r\n\r\nV\u00a0roce 1942 vyvinula tajn\u00e1 laborato\u0159 v\u00a0kampusu Harvardsk\u00e9 univerzity v\u00a0USA recept na sm\u011bs s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem napalm (zkratka podle dvou ingredienc\u00ed sm\u011bsi, kyseliny naftenov\u00e9 a palmitov\u00e9, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159id\u00e1valy do benz\u00ednu a zp\u016fsobovaly jeho zgelovat\u011bn\u00ed). Napalm m\u00e1 teplotu ho\u0159en\u00ed a\u017e 1.200\u00a0\u00b0C. M\u00e1 vlastnost p\u0159ilepit se na lidskou k\u016f\u017ei, kde ho\u0159\u00ed dlouho a zp\u016fsobuje v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9, \u010dasto smrteln\u00e9 pop\u00e1leniny. Napalm tak\u00e9 prosakuje pod zem, kde likviduje bunkry a dal\u0161\u00ed podzemn\u00ed stavby i s\u00a0os\u00e1dkou. P\u0159i ho\u0159en\u00ed napalmu se uvol\u0148uje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed kysli\u010dn\u00edku uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee zab\u00edt i ty, co \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pop\u00e1leniny neutrp\u011bli. Vzduch zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00fd ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edm napalmem se pohybuje odst\u0159ediv\u011b a dosahuje rychlosti a\u017e 110\u00a0kilometr\u016f za hodinu, co\u017e zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 nov\u00e9 po\u017e\u00e1ry. Americk\u00e9 letectvo \u0161iroce vyu\u017e\u00edvalo napalm p\u0159i bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed japonsk\u00fdch m\u011bst. Napalm z\u00edskal nechvalnou proslulost tak\u00e9 ve v\u00e1lce USA proti Severn\u00ed Koreji v\u00a0letech 1950\u20131953 nebo proti Vietnamu a Kambod\u017ei v\u00a0letech 1963\u20131973. Bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed napalmem tak\u00e9 pravideln\u011b praktikovaly ob\u011b strany \u00edr\u00e1nsko-ir\u00e1ck\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v\u00a01980.\u00a0letech, za ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v\u00a0Angole a v\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch africk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Obrovsk\u00e9 z\u00e1soby napalmu jsou nyn\u00ed uskladn\u011bny v\u00a0USA, Rusku, \u010c\u00edn\u011b, Severn\u00ed Koreji a \u00cdr\u00e1nu. V\u00a0lednu 2009 podepsaly USA mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed dohodu, jej\u00ed\u017e signat\u00e1\u0159i se zavazuj\u00ed zdr\u017eet pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed napalmu p\u0159i vojensk\u00fdch operac\u00edch.\r\n\r\nJak m\u016f\u017eeme vid\u011bt, dnes vra\u017eedn\u00e9 vlastnosti ohn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Rusko ve sv\u00e9 nez\u00e1konn\u00e9, nevyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 a hanebn\u00e9 v\u00e1lce proti Ukrajin\u011b. P\u0159ehazov\u00e1n\u00ed viny na po\u017e\u00e1rech, kter\u00e9 dnes su\u017euj\u00ed okol\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00edch hranic Ukrajiny, na sucho, cigaretov\u00e9 nedopalky, necht\u011bn\u011b po\u0161kozen\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 veden\u00ed apod. je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b jen odvr\u00e1cen\u00edm pozornosti. Snahy o\u00a0podobn\u00e9 h\u00e1zen\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti je t\u0159eba ihned a r\u00e1zn\u011b utnout. A tak\u00e9 je z\u00a0pohledu z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed hygieny a lidsk\u00e9 etiky velmi nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 spol\u00e9hat na nesmysly, kter\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed rusk\u00e1 m\u00e9dia (p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edtel Ukrajiny) a z\u00e1padn\u00ed m\u00e9dia (jeden z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch rusk\u00fdch upl\u00e1cen\u00fdch kolaborant\u016f).\r\n\r\nProto \u201ebu\u010fme bd\u011bl\u00ed\u201c, jak n\u00e1s vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 kn\u011bz nebo di\u00e1kon p\u0159i liturgii sv. Jana Zlato\u00fast\u00e9ho. Chv\u00e1la pat\u0159\u00ed t\u011bm, kdo pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0tuto chv\u00edli bojuje proti po\u017e\u00e1r\u016fm a klade odpor Rusku i se v\u0161emi jeho \u017eold\u00e1ky. A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 sl\u00e1va Ukrajin\u011b.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong><img class=\"alignleft \" src=\"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/12\/InformNapalm_logo_05.png\" width=\"114\" height=\"50\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/george.v.pinchuk?__cft__%5b0%5d=AZUWm9g9Mx7stO5KrXSkA2miuF_Jl15J-xhDc5U54MSxH00KYdOjAuphmLcIdzmahhgQj1Ge5yz3KdzIVUz6f95xWRZ6sAeHpVt8x295HsclSadhvZmDW11uo1fgRQZO5_c&__tn__=-UC%2CP-R\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">George V.\u00a0Pinchuk<\/a> <\/strong>speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky InformNapalm\r\n\r\n\u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nebo p\u0159evzet\u00ed s\u00a0odkazem na zdroj je v\u00edt\u00e1no! (Creative Commons\u00a0\u2014 Attribution\u00a04.0 International\u00a0\u2014 CC BY\u00a04.0). Facebookov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka komunity InformNapalm v\u00a0\u010de\u0161tin\u011b: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/informnapalmcesko\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InformNapalm \u010cesko<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\nP\u0159eklad: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/scyhol\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Svatoslav \u0160\u010dyhol<\/a>","amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8767","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/78"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8767"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8767\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8769,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8767\/revisions\/8769"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8768"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8767"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8767"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8767"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}