{"id":9051,"date":"2021-01-26T10:52:07","date_gmt":"2021-01-26T10:52:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/?p=9051"},"modified":"2021-01-27T10:56:47","modified_gmt":"2021-01-27T10:56:47","slug":"jak-se-dobrat-obsahu-pri-vykladu-zprav-prispevku-na-socialnich-sitich-nebo-propagandy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informnapalm.org\/cz\/jak-se-dobrat-obsahu-pri-vykladu-zprav-prispevku-na-socialnich-sitich-nebo-propagandy\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak se dobrat obsahu p\u0159i v\u00fdkladu zpr\u00e1v, p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch nebo propagandy"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nab\u00edz\u00edme \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm InformNapalmu zaj\u00edmav\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek z\u00a0webu Uchoose.info Jemn\u00e9 nuance p\u0159ekladu, aneb Jak se dobrat obsahu<\/a>. \u010cl\u00e1nek rozv\u00edj\u00ed t\u00e9ma v\u00fdkladu zpravodajstv\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch a propagandy. Publikace uv\u00e1d\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady, kter\u00e9 d\u00e1vaj\u00ed podn\u011bt k\u00a0d\u016fkladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu vyhodnocen\u00ed jak\u00e9koli informace.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Titulek tohoto textu m\u016f\u017ee na prvn\u00ed pohled p\u016fsobit \u00fazce odborn\u011b, p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ak neznamen\u00e1 jen pouh\u00fd p\u0159enos informac\u00ed z\u00a0jednoho jazyka do druh\u00e9ho, na tento jev m\u016f\u017eeme tak\u00e9 pohl\u00ed\u017eet univerz\u00e1ln\u011b jako na dek\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed, interpretaci a vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0tomto \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdkladu se z\u00a0p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1v\u00e1 nezbytn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro informa\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnost. Za\u010dneme jednoduch\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem, a sice z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi hr\u00e1tkami s\u00a0formou. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00a0n\u00e1s se n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem setkal s\u00a0\u00fa\u0159ednickou hant\u00fdrkou, jej\u00edm\u017e samostatn\u00fdm poddruhem jsou krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed kroniky.<\/p>\n

V\u011btu v\u00a0\u00fa\u0159edni\u010dtin\u011b \u201emlad\u00fd mu\u017e krimin\u00e1ln\u00edho vzhledu se pod vlivem alkoholu dopustil protipr\u00e1vn\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, a sice ru\u0161en\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho po\u0159\u00e1dku, na\u010de\u017e byl zadr\u017een policistou, kter\u00fd prov\u00e1d\u011bl monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed lokality, za \u00fa\u010delem objasn\u011bn\u00ed okolnost\u00ed\u201c lze p\u0159elo\u017eit jako \u201epodez\u0159el\u00e9ho opil\u00e9ho mlad\u00edka zadr\u017eela kv\u016fli hluku policejn\u00ed hl\u00eddka\u201c. Stejn\u011b tak je tato v\u011bta p\u0159elo\u017eiteln\u00e1 i opa\u010dn\u00fdm sm\u011brem, tedy z\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di do \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00e9.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u00e1 rozv\u011btven\u00e1 \u00fa\u0159ednick\u00e1 forma transparentn\u00ed obsah. Dal\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 obt\u00ed\u017enosti je, kdy\u017e obsah nen\u00ed tak z\u0159ejm\u00fd a do hry se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 vynech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nebo manipulace. Nez\u0159\u00eddka to b\u00fdv\u00e1 tak, \u017ee v\u00a0informa\u010dn\u00edm sd\u011blen\u00ed naraz\u00edme na ne\u00faplnou informaci nebo na posunut\u00e9 d\u016frazy.<\/p>\n

T\u0159eba: \u201eZ\u00a0d\u016fvodu v\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch zdravotn\u00edch pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, kdy jde o\u00a0nemoc trvaj\u00edc\u00ed ji\u017e dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta, s\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e prezident spole\u010dnost ne\u00fanavn\u011b bojuje, a vzhledem ke shod\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu okolnost\u00ed rozhodlo p\u0159edstavenstvo o\u00a0z\u00e1niku jeho funkce\u201c.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0t\u00e9to uk\u00e1zce vid\u00edme manipulativn\u00ed p\u0159ekrucov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201ez\u00e1nik funkce\u201c nam\u00edsto jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edho \u201eodvol\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c, nav\u00edc se tato informace uv\u00e1d\u00ed a\u017e na konci, aby j\u00ed byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost a\u017e v\u00a0posledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b. Vid\u00edme tu tak\u00e9 zm\u00ednku o\u00a0nemoci, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 p\u016fsobit na city a posunout d\u016fraz d\u00e1l od mlhav\u00e9 a zast\u0159en\u00e9 \u201eshody v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu okolnost\u00ed\u201c. Tato v\u011bta se p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 takto: \u201eP\u0159edstavenstvo odvolalo prezidenta spole\u010dnosti\u201c.<\/p>\n

T\u0159et\u00ed stupe\u0148 obt\u00ed\u017enosti je, kdy\u017e skute\u010dn\u00fd obsah chyb\u00ed. Tedy pod\u00e1van\u00e1 informace sice n\u011bjak\u00fd obsah m\u00e1, jeho \u00fa\u010delem je v\u0161ak v\u00e9st k\u00a0pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm. Tento typ informac\u00ed obvykle pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed propagandist\u00e9. P\u0159\u00edmo\u010dar\u00e1 propaganda nem\u00e1 takovou \u00fa\u010dinnost. Budeme-li volat \u201e\u010dern\u00e9 je b\u00edl\u00e9\u201c, bude to obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bji uv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 ne\u017e soustavn\u00e9 nav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed k\u00a0my\u0161lence: \u201eCo je \u010dern\u00e9, nen\u00ed zelen\u00e9, nen\u00ed modr\u00e9 ani \u017elut\u00e9, nen\u00ed fialov\u00e9 ani \u0161ed\u00e9, ale o\u00a0dost sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed\u2026 pod\u00edvejte, co je to za barvu?\u201c<\/p>\n

Rusk\u00e1 propaganda<\/h2>\n

Pokus\u00edme-li se p\u0159elo\u017eit z\u00e1plavu rusk\u00e9 propagandy, tedy pono\u0159it se do informac\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se Ukrajiny a hledat my\u0161lenku, k\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e se n\u00e1s sna\u017e\u00ed nav\u00e9st, ta bude pom\u011brn\u011b stru\u010dn\u00e1: \u201eUkrajina bez Ruska je failed state\u201c (tedy tot\u00e1ln\u00ed propad\u00e1k). Sta\u010d\u00ed vz\u00edt jak\u00fdkoli v\u00fdrok Kiseljova\/Solovjova\/Skabejevov\u00e9 <\/em>apod. a doplnit o\u00a0toto tvrzen\u00ed, pak dostaneme pr\u00e1v\u011b onu \u201eshodu okolnost\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Dek\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu<\/h2>\n

Dek\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu z\u00a0vyum\u011blkovan\u00e9 formy, manipulativn\u011b pod\u00e1van\u00fdch informac\u00ed nebo propagandy je p\u0159ekladatelstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se bude informa\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti zcela jist\u011b hodit. P\u0159ekl\u00e1dat m\u016f\u017eeme jak ciz\u00ed informace pro sebe, tak sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdroky pro jin\u00e9 (v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b aby l\u00e9pe porozum\u011bli n\u00e1m).<\/p>\n

Komunikace s\u00a0aristokratkou, obyvatelem zapadl\u00e9 vesni\u010dky, str\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm, in\u017een\u00fdrkou, d\u00edt\u011btem, profesorem nebo instablogerkou se m\u016f\u017ee z\u00e1sadn\u011b li\u0161it. Pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho komunika\u010dn\u00edho partnera\/partnerku je t\u0159eba zvolit ten spr\u00e1vn\u00fd t\u00f3n hlasu, odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed slovn\u00edk, v\u011btnou stavbu, vhodnost dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch podrobnost\u00ed atd.<\/p>\n

P\u0159eklad se net\u00fdk\u00e1 jen jazykov\u00e9ho projevu. Mimika, obrazov\u00e1 str\u00e1nka, vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed atributy\u00a0\u2013 toto v\u0161e nese jistou symbolickou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e, tud\u00ed\u017e je p\u0159elo\u017eiteln\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ju\u0161\u010denkova z\u00e1liba ve v\u0161em etnick\u00e9m nebyla vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena jen jeho projevy, ale tak\u00e9 z\u00e1jmem o\u00a0lidov\u00e1 \u0159emesla, no\u0161en\u00edm vy\u0161yvanek nebo sb\u011bratelstv\u00edm. P\u0159\u00edtomnost nebo nep\u0159\u00edtomnost st\u00e1tn\u00edch symbol\u016f ve vide\u00edch n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f lze p\u0159elo\u017eit jako vlasteneck\u00fd postoj nebo naopak nedostatek vlastenectv\u00ed atd.<\/p>\n

Diskurzivn\u00ed stupe\u0148<\/h2>\n

Nej\u00fapln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejobs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edm stupn\u011bm p\u0159ekladatelstv\u00ed pak je ten diskurzivn\u00ed. Texty, vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed doprovod, narativy a \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed souvislosti, tedy v\u0161echny slo\u017eky diskurzu lze tak\u00e9 jist\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem dek\u00f3dovat a p\u0159elo\u017eit.<\/p>\n

Vezm\u011bme t\u0159eba pomysln\u00fd diskurz \u201emalorustv\u00ed\u201c, tedy v\u0161echny prorusk\u00e9 aktivisty a politick\u00e9 strany, jejich medi\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivity, blogy nebo ve\u0159ejnou \u010dinnost\u00a0\u2013 toto v\u0161e se d\u00e1 shrnout jako resentiment, nep\u0159ijet\u00ed samostatnosti Ukrajiny a snahy tuto zemi alespo\u0148 satelitn\u011b p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed velmoci. Tento slogan nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt jasn\u011b patrn\u00fd jen z\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch prvk\u016f diskurzu, nicm\u00e9n\u011b, stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b s\u00a0propagandou, pr\u00e1v\u011b k\u00a0tomuto z\u00e1v\u011bru se n\u00e1s sna\u017e\u00ed nav\u00e1d\u011bt.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0translatologii existuje pojem \u201efale\u0161n\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtel p\u0159ekladatele\u201c, tedy slovo, kter\u00e9 zn\u00ed v\u00a0obou jazyc\u00edch stejn\u00e9, p\u0159esto m\u00e1 zcela odli\u0161n\u00fd v\u00fdznam (t\u0159eba \u201e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430\u201c v\u00a0ukrajin\u0161tin\u011b znamen\u00e1 jehlu, zat\u00edmco \u010desk\u00e9 \u201eholka\u201c je d\u00edvka).<\/p>\n

P\u0159i p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamu tohoto pojmu mus\u00edme b\u00fdt opatrn\u00ed, abychom se nenechali zm\u00e1st t\u011bmito tzv. fale\u0161n\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00e1teli a p\u0159elo\u017eili v\u0161e spr\u00e1vn\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u010ct\u011bte tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky na webu InformNapalm<\/h2>\n